Chapter 15 : Brain And Brainstem Flashcards
In the brain, this is mainly composed of axons
White matter
In the brain, this is mainly composed of cell bodies and dendrites
Gray matter
__ in the gray matter is a collection of cell bodies typically in the PNS
Ganglia
__ in the white matter are bundles of axons in the PNS
Nerves
what are the organizations of gray matter in the CNS?
Neural cortex
nuclei
In the CNS, __ is gray matter on the surface of the cerebrum.
neural cortex
In gray matter __ is a collection of neuron cell bodies in the interior os the CNS
Nuclei
what is white matter organized into?
tracts
__ in white matter are bundles of CNS axons that share a common origin and destination.
tracts
what are the parts of the brain stem?
Diencephalon
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
___ is a part of the brain where conscious thought processes, intellectual functions, memory storage and processing, conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contraction occurs
cerebrum
__ is a part of the brain that coordinates complex somatic motor patterns and adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in brain and spinal cord.
cerebellum
what is the diencephalon divided into in the spinal cord?
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
__ is a part of the spinal cord that relays and processing centers for sensory information.
Thalamus
__ is a part of the brain that is a center controlling emotions, autonomic functions, and hormone production.
hypothalamus
the __ is the processing of visual and auditory data, generation of reflexive somatic motor responses, and maintenance of consciousness.
midbrain
the __ is apart of the brain that relays sensory information to cerebellum and thalamus, and subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers
Pons
__ in the brain is where sensory information is relayed to the thalamus and to other portions of the brain stem and are autonomic centers for regulation of visceral function
medulla oblongata
what are the three layers of meninges?
- dura mater
- arachnoid
- pia mater
the __ is a layer of the meninges that is very tough and semi transparent and is the outer layer.
dura mater
the __ is the middle layer of the meninges and is a hazy covering and looks like spider webbing.
arachnoid mater
the __ is the inner layer of the meninges and is very thin, almost impossible to peel away from the neural tissue
pia mater
__ is the space between the arachnoid and the pia matter where cerebrospinal fluid is found.
subarachnoid space
how is the cerebrum divided?
into two hemispheres
how are the two hemispheres divided?
by a longitudinal fissure
how are the two hemispheres of the cerebrum connected?
by the corpus callosum
how is the surface of the brain?
folded
the folds on the surface of the brain are called what?
gyrus
the spaces between the folds on the surface of the brain are called what?
sulcus
a deep sulcus in the brain is called what?
fissure
what are the 5 cerebral lobes of the brain?
- frontal
- parietal
- occipital
- temporal
- insular lobe
What line divides the frontal lobe and parietal lobe from the temporal lobe?
lateral fissure
what line divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?
central sulcus
what line divides the parietal lobe and the occipital lobe?
parieto-occipital sulcus
what functions is the frontal lobe responsible for?
motor functions other functions (cognitive/intellectual)
what motor functions is the frontal lobe responsible for?
- planning of movements
- control of motor neurons in spinal cord (that communicate with skeletal muscles)
what “other” functions is the frontal lobe responsible for?
- short term (working) memory
- control of attention
- personal planning
- personality
- problem solving / judgment
what functions is the parietal lobe responsible for?
- sensory function
what sensory functions is the parietal lobe responsible for?
- registration of general sensation (touch, temp, pain)
- processing of some visual information (motion)
what functions is the occipital lobe responsible for?
sensory function
what sensory functions is the occipital lobe responsible for?
reception and processing of basic visual stimulation ( color, contrast, shapes, etc)
what functions is the temporal lobe responsible for?
- sensory function
- other functions
what sensory functions is the temporal lobe responsible for?
- reception and processing of auditory stimulation
- reception and processing os olfactory stimulation
- processing of some visual information (faces)
what “other” functions is the temporal lobe responsible for?
formation of long-term memory
what functions is the insula responsible for?
sensory functions
other functions
what sensory functions is the insula responsible for?
- reception and processing of taste stimulation
what “other” functions is the insula responsible for?
- memory
- emotion processing
- awareness of internal (visceral) sensation
what are some functional areas shared between lobes?
- wernickes area
- Broca’s area
where is the wernickes area?
within parietal and temporal lobes, usually on the left side of the brain
what is the wernicke’s area responsible for?
language processing
- understanding spoken and written words
- understanding math
what does the wernicke’s area work with to produce spoken and written language?
Broca’s area
what are the structures of the cerebral nuclei?
- caudate nucleus
- putamen
- globus palidus
- amygdaloid body
what structure in the cerebral nuclei has a large function in anxiety and fear emotions?
amygdaloid body
improper communication with the nuclei in the cerebral nuclei can lead to what ?
Parkinson’s disease
the putamen and globus pallidus make up what?
lentiform nucleus
the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus make up what?
corpus striatum
white matter contains ___ pathways.
communication
hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thalamus, and pineal gland are all part of what?
diencephalon
the __ is the “relay center” of the brain since most of the information will pass through it.
thalamus
what are the major functions of the hypothalamus?
- control of endocrine fxn
- control of “drives”
- regulation of body temp.
- control of autonomic fxn
- regulation of circadian rhythms
how does the hypothalamus control endocrine function?
through control of the pituitary gland
what are the “drives” that the hypothalamus controls?
thirst, hunger, sex, pleasure
what are the autonomic functions that the hypothalamus controls?
- fear
- fight
- repose
- flight vs. rest
what are some of the external features of the midbrain?
- nerves (CN II, CN III, CN IV)
- cerebral peduncle
- superior and inferior colliculus
what are the internal features of the midbrain?
- cerebral aqueduct
- red nucleus
- substantia nigra
what are the external features of the pons?
- nerves (CN V, CN VI, CN VII, CN VIII)
what are the internal features of the pons?
- 4th ventricle
- reticular formation of pons
___ are a group of cells (nuclei) that control several autonomic fxns
reticular formation
what are two of the autonomic fxns that the reticular formation of pons controls?
- apneustic and pneumotaxic centers
what do the apneustic and pneumotaxic centers control?
- control rate and depth of breathing
what are the external features of the medulla?
- pyramid
- inferior olive
- nerves (CN IX, CN X, CN XII, CN XI)
what are the internal features of the medulla?
- cochlear nucleus
- inferior olivary nucleus
- reticular formation
- fourth ventricle
what does the reticular formation of the medulla control?
- heart
- blood vessel diameter
- nuclei that regulates sneezing, coughing swallowing, gagging, vomiting.
the __ relays sound info to brain.
cochlear nucleus
the __ relays body position info to the cerebellum
inferior olivary nucleus
what divides the hemispheres of the cerebellum?
the vermis
what are the light branching patterns called inside the cerebellum?
arbor vitae
what is the cerebellum functionally good for?
important for coordination of muscular movement
what are the 4 ventricles of the brain?
- 2 lateral ventricles
- third ventricle
- fourth ventricle
where are the 2 lateral ventricles?
below the corpus callosum
where are the third ventircles?
between halves of thalamus
where is the fourth ventricle found?
underneath the cerebellum
what connects the third and fourth ventricle?
cerebral (mesencephalic) aqueduct
where is the cerebrospinal fluid produced?
choroid plexus in the ventricles
the high __ ensures that CFS moves into the venous sinuses and doesnt allow blood to come into the subarachnoid space.
pressure
