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Anatomy Final Exam !!!! > Chapter 15 : Brain And Brainstem > Flashcards

Chapter 15 : Brain And Brainstem Flashcards

0
Q

In the brain, this is mainly composed of axons

A

White matter

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1
Q

In the brain, this is mainly composed of cell bodies and dendrites

A

Gray matter

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2
Q

__ in the gray matter is a collection of cell bodies typically in the PNS

A

Ganglia

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3
Q

__ in the white matter are bundles of axons in the PNS

A

Nerves

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4
Q

what are the organizations of gray matter in the CNS?

A

Neural cortex

nuclei

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5
Q

In the CNS, __ is gray matter on the surface of the cerebrum.

A

neural cortex

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6
Q

In gray matter __ is a collection of neuron cell bodies in the interior os the CNS

A

Nuclei

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7
Q

what is white matter organized into?

A

tracts

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8
Q

__ in white matter are bundles of CNS axons that share a common origin and destination.

A

tracts

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9
Q

what are the parts of the brain stem?

A

Diencephalon
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

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10
Q

___ is a part of the brain where conscious thought processes, intellectual functions, memory storage and processing, conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contraction occurs

A

cerebrum

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11
Q

__ is a part of the brain that coordinates complex somatic motor patterns and adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in brain and spinal cord.

A

cerebellum

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12
Q

what is the diencephalon divided into in the spinal cord?

A
  • thalamus

- hypothalamus

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13
Q

__ is a part of the spinal cord that relays and processing centers for sensory information.

A

Thalamus

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14
Q

__ is a part of the brain that is a center controlling emotions, autonomic functions, and hormone production.

A

hypothalamus

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15
Q

the __ is the processing of visual and auditory data, generation of reflexive somatic motor responses, and maintenance of consciousness.

A

midbrain

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16
Q

the __ is apart of the brain that relays sensory information to cerebellum and thalamus, and subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers

A

Pons

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17
Q

__ in the brain is where sensory information is relayed to the thalamus and to other portions of the brain stem and are autonomic centers for regulation of visceral function

A

medulla oblongata

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18
Q

what are the three layers of meninges?

A
  • dura mater
  • arachnoid
  • pia mater
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19
Q

the __ is a layer of the meninges that is very tough and semi transparent and is the outer layer.

A

dura mater

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20
Q

the __ is the middle layer of the meninges and is a hazy covering and looks like spider webbing.

A

arachnoid mater

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21
Q

the __ is the inner layer of the meninges and is very thin, almost impossible to peel away from the neural tissue

A

pia mater

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22
Q

__ is the space between the arachnoid and the pia matter where cerebrospinal fluid is found.

A

subarachnoid space

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23
Q

how is the cerebrum divided?

A

into two hemispheres

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24
Q

how are the two hemispheres divided?

A

by a longitudinal fissure

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25
Q

how are the two hemispheres of the cerebrum connected?

A

by the corpus callosum

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26
Q

how is the surface of the brain?

A

folded

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27
Q

the folds on the surface of the brain are called what?

A

gyrus

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28
Q

the spaces between the folds on the surface of the brain are called what?

A

sulcus

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29
Q

a deep sulcus in the brain is called what?

A

fissure

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30
Q

what are the 5 cerebral lobes of the brain?

A
  • frontal
  • parietal
  • occipital
  • temporal
  • insular lobe
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31
Q

What line divides the frontal lobe and parietal lobe from the temporal lobe?

A

lateral fissure

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32
Q

what line divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?

A

central sulcus

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33
Q

what line divides the parietal lobe and the occipital lobe?

A

parieto-occipital sulcus

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34
Q

what functions is the frontal lobe responsible for?

A 
motor functions
other functions (cognitive/intellectual)
35
Q

what motor functions is the frontal lobe responsible for?

A
  • planning of movements

- control of motor neurons in spinal cord (that communicate with skeletal muscles)

36
Q

what “other” functions is the frontal lobe responsible for?

A
  • short term (working) memory
  • control of attention
  • personal planning
  • personality
  • problem solving / judgment
37
Q

what functions is the parietal lobe responsible for?

A
  • sensory function
38
Q

what sensory functions is the parietal lobe responsible for?

A
  • registration of general sensation (touch, temp, pain)

- processing of some visual information (motion)

39
Q

what functions is the occipital lobe responsible for?

A

sensory function

40
Q

what sensory functions is the occipital lobe responsible for?

A

reception and processing of basic visual stimulation ( color, contrast, shapes, etc)

41
Q

what functions is the temporal lobe responsible for?

A
  • sensory function

- other functions

42
Q

what sensory functions is the temporal lobe responsible for?

A
  • reception and processing of auditory stimulation
  • reception and processing os olfactory stimulation
  • processing of some visual information (faces)
43
Q

what “other” functions is the temporal lobe responsible for?

A

formation of long-term memory

44
Q

what functions is the insula responsible for?

A

sensory functions

other functions

45
Q

what sensory functions is the insula responsible for?

A
  • reception and processing of taste stimulation
46
Q

what “other” functions is the insula responsible for?

A
  • memory
  • emotion processing
  • awareness of internal (visceral) sensation
47
Q

what are some functional areas shared between lobes?

A
  • wernickes area

- Broca’s area

48
Q

where is the wernickes area?

A

within parietal and temporal lobes, usually on the left side of the brain

49
Q

what is the wernicke’s area responsible for?

A

language processing

  • understanding spoken and written words
  • understanding math
50
Q

what does the wernicke’s area work with to produce spoken and written language?

A

Broca’s area

51
Q

what are the structures of the cerebral nuclei?

A
  • caudate nucleus
  • putamen
  • globus palidus
  • amygdaloid body
52
Q

what structure in the cerebral nuclei has a large function in anxiety and fear emotions?

A

amygdaloid body

53
Q

improper communication with the nuclei in the cerebral nuclei can lead to what ?

A

Parkinson’s disease

54
Q

the putamen and globus pallidus make up what?

A

lentiform nucleus

55
Q

the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus make up what?

A

corpus striatum

56
Q

white matter contains ___ pathways.

A

communication

57
Q

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thalamus, and pineal gland are all part of what?

A

diencephalon

58
Q

the __ is the “relay center” of the brain since most of the information will pass through it.

A

thalamus

59
Q

what are the major functions of the hypothalamus?

A
  • control of endocrine fxn
  • control of “drives”
  • regulation of body temp.
  • control of autonomic fxn
  • regulation of circadian rhythms
60
Q

how does the hypothalamus control endocrine function?

A

through control of the pituitary gland

61
Q

what are the “drives” that the hypothalamus controls?

A

thirst, hunger, sex, pleasure

62
Q

what are the autonomic functions that the hypothalamus controls?

A
  • fear
  • fight
  • repose
  • flight vs. rest
63
Q

what are some of the external features of the midbrain?

A
  • nerves (CN II, CN III, CN IV)
  • cerebral peduncle
  • superior and inferior colliculus
64
Q

what are the internal features of the midbrain?

A
  • cerebral aqueduct
  • red nucleus
  • substantia nigra
65
Q

what are the external features of the pons?

A
  • nerves (CN V, CN VI, CN VII, CN VIII)
66
Q

what are the internal features of the pons?

A
  • 4th ventricle

- reticular formation of pons

67
Q

___ are a group of cells (nuclei) that control several autonomic fxns

A

reticular formation

68
Q

what are two of the autonomic fxns that the reticular formation of pons controls?

A
  • apneustic and pneumotaxic centers
69
Q

what do the apneustic and pneumotaxic centers control?

A
  • control rate and depth of breathing
70
Q

what are the external features of the medulla?

A
  • pyramid
  • inferior olive
  • nerves (CN IX, CN X, CN XII, CN XI)
71
Q

what are the internal features of the medulla?

A
  • cochlear nucleus
  • inferior olivary nucleus
  • reticular formation
  • fourth ventricle
72
Q

what does the reticular formation of the medulla control?

A
  • heart
  • blood vessel diameter
  • nuclei that regulates sneezing, coughing swallowing, gagging, vomiting.
73
Q

the __ relays sound info to brain.

A

cochlear nucleus

74
Q

the __ relays body position info to the cerebellum

A

inferior olivary nucleus

75
Q

what divides the hemispheres of the cerebellum?

A

the vermis

76
Q

what are the light branching patterns called inside the cerebellum?

A

arbor vitae

77
Q

what is the cerebellum functionally good for?

A

important for coordination of muscular movement

78
Q

what are the 4 ventricles of the brain?

A
  • 2 lateral ventricles
  • third ventricle
  • fourth ventricle
79
Q

where are the 2 lateral ventricles?

A

below the corpus callosum

80
Q

where are the third ventircles?

A

between halves of thalamus

81
Q

where is the fourth ventricle found?

A

underneath the cerebellum

82
Q

what connects the third and fourth ventricle?

A

cerebral (mesencephalic) aqueduct

83
Q

where is the cerebrospinal fluid produced?

A

choroid plexus in the ventricles

84
Q

the high __ ensures that CFS moves into the venous sinuses and doesnt allow blood to come into the subarachnoid space.

A

pressure

Anatomy Final Exam !!!! (5 decks)

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