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Psyc 231 Final > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

do not succumb to ______, social psychology can be studied ________.

A

a) mysticism

b) scientifically

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2
Q

inchoate

A

not articulate; difficult or impossible to articulate

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3
Q

what are the two main sources that lead to intuitions that many social psychological topics can’t be studied scientifically

A
  1. uneven reach of introspection (naïve realism)

2. misunderstanding of science

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4
Q

naïve realism

A

the tendency to assume that one’s own perceptions and judgements are objective, comprehensive reflections of reality

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5
Q

T/F: scientific explanations are incomplete, imperfect, and in flux

A

true!

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6
Q

if a new study contradicts an older study, is the older study proven wrong? explain

A

no! there can be multiple explanations for the same phenomenon, and different samples and methods can produce different findings

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7
Q

T/F: people are like billiard balls: they react according to their influences

A

false! they interpret and rect to influence attempts

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8
Q

reactance

A

producing the opposite behaviour that intended in a manipulation attempt (especially when the attempt is obvious)

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9
Q

people are generally _____ (good/bad) at detecting when they are being manipulated

A

good

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10
Q

demand characteristics

A

when participants give the researchers the response they want

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11
Q

nudge theory

A

theory of social influence arguing that people’s behaviour can be shifted relatively easily and cheaply in a more socially desirable duration, by relatively small, subtle situational cues

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12
Q

T/F: heuristics and biases make it nearly impossible for people to be rational

A

False

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13
Q

T/F: rationality depends on the goals people are pursuing in a specific social situation

A

true

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14
Q

is reality socially constructed? explain why or why not.

A

yes! people not only passively adopt collective beliefs, but actively collaborate to construct them

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15
Q

what accelerated the social construction of reality?

A

mass media

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16
Q

what is the main difference between experimental correlations and real life correlations?

A

real life correlations often have other influencing factors

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17
Q

T/F: social reality is self-perpetuating, and once a behaviour pattern, thinking style, or set of relationships takes hold, it stays hold

A

true!

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18
Q

give examples of self-perpentuating social realities

A
  • habits
  • inequality creates endless cycles
  • sul-fulfilling prophecies
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19
Q

how are we affected by the power of the group? (4)

A
  • group memberships define who we are, and influence what we think and do
  • guided by norms and roles
  • positive consequences of being included
  • we dislike deviants
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20
Q

T/F: situations can influence our our prejudices, aggressions, goals, beliefs, and emotions

A

True!

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21
Q

T/F: people more or less react to situations the same

A

false!

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22
Q

people conform to the ____ and _____ of other people

A

opinions and pressures

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23
Q

T/F: people can’t always tell what influences them, or when they’ve been influenced

A

true

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24
Q

is it possible for some goals to be unconscious?

A

hell ya

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25
Q

we know that attitudes shape our behaviours, but can behaviours shape our attitudes?

A

yes!

26
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

when there is a discrepancy between beliefs and behaviours, something must change

27
Q

saying-is-believing effect

A

articulating an argument for an audience changed our view to be more in line with what we said

28
Q

most social psychological phenomena are results of interactions between ____, _____, and _____ factors

A

social (environmental)l, mental, and bodily (physiological)

29
Q

people stereotype more when they have ____ (low/high) blood sugar

A

low

30
Q

common sampling biases in social psychological research (3)

A
  • convenience samples (undergrad students)
  • WEIRD (western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic) samples
  • not enough implications in cross-cultural differences and similarities
31
Q

file drawer effect

A

non-significant findings are never made public

32
Q

publication bias

A

tendency to only publish positive findings

33
Q

what does it mean that there is often low ecological validity in researchers’ methods

A

taking lab simulated thoughts and contexts and applying them too heavily to non-lab contexts

34
Q

what are the two main methods of social psychological research, which often cause a narrow scape of findings

A

experimental and correlational

35
Q

most research focuses on the measurement of attitudes, but what are two other aspects of social psychology often left out

A

behaviours and social actions

36
Q

journal editors are increasingly asking for ___________

A

behavioural methods

37
Q

main difference between social psychology and sociology is that psychology focuses on ____ (micro/macro) level of variables, whereas sociology focuses on ____ (micro/macro) level of variables

A
  1. micro

2. macro

38
Q

difference between American and European social psychology

A

American - processes occurring at the level of the individual
European - processes occurring within or between groups

39
Q

what was the Deiderik Stapel scandal in 2011 about?

A

a prestigious psychologist was convicted in having falsified (made up) data in over 30 of his publications, some of which appear in high impact journals, which were later retracted

40
Q

why are replications so important?

A

because biasses, improper methods, and even chance can produce robust findings

41
Q

pros and cons of research using the internet for samples

A
  • large sample sizes much quicker and cheaper
  • produces similar findings to lab studies
  • can’t study many aspects of social psychology
  • difficult to get feedback from people
  • ethical issues
42
Q

crowdsourcing

A

a means of achieving complex, labour-intensive tasks by recruiting many people to contribute to the task over the internet

43
Q

data mining

A

the process of automatically searching large volumes of data for patterns

44
Q

fMRI

A

measures brain activity by detecting associated changes in blood flow

45
Q

transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

induces weak electric currents in the brain to allow the study of brain function

46
Q

electrocardiography

A

measure of electrical activity in the heart

47
Q

event related potentials

A

measure of brain response at the onset of a stimulus

48
Q

benefits of nonverbal and co-verbal behaviour studies

A
  • rely less on self-report

- within real social context

49
Q

electromyography

A

the measure of electrical activity in the muscles

50
Q

eye tracking

A

the process of measuring either the points of gaze or the motion of the eyes relative to the head

51
Q

what is the most prevalent form of discrimination in Europe?

A

agism

52
Q

T/F: age stereotyping can be self-fulfilling

A

True! Someone who often associates old age with, for example, memory loss, will have a higher chance of having memory loss when they age

53
Q

benefits of cultural diversity?

A

-makes people more creative, tolerant, and productive

-

54
Q

restorative justice

A

bringing offenders and victims together to reconcile

55
Q

what is one important factor than uninformed individuals often forget about?

A

situational influence

56
Q

motivated social cognition

A

people believe claims that support their own self-image, the superiority of the group, and their preferred ideological positions

57
Q

before accepting a claim as a fact, you should evaluate it, seeing if it is supported by ____ and ____

A

evidence and logic

58
Q

critical thinking

A

ability and willingness to analyze arguments or evidence and synthesis them into one argument, and evaluate them

59
Q

seven practical techniques of critical thinking

A
  1. draw a diagram or other graphic display that organizes the information
  2. ask what additional information do I need
  3. state the problem you want to solve in at least two different ways
  4. ask which information is most important, and which is least
  5. categorize findings in a meaningful way
  6. list two solutions for problem, an present two arguments to support, and two that do not support a conclusion
  7. ask what two actions you would take to improve the design of a study that was described
60
Q

psychological literacy

A

a set of skills including critical thinkings, ethics, and social responsibility

Psyc 231 Final (5 decks)

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