Chapter 15

Question 1

do not succumb to ______, social psychology can be studied ________.

Answer 1

a) mysticism

b) scientifically

Question 2

inchoate

Answer 2

not articulate; difficult or impossible to articulate

Question 3

what are the two main sources that lead to intuitions that many social psychological topics can’t be studied scientifically

Answer 3

1. uneven reach of introspection (naïve realism)

2. misunderstanding of science

Question 4

naïve realism

Answer 4

the tendency to assume that one’s own perceptions and judgements are objective, comprehensive reflections of reality

Question 5

T/F: scientific explanations are incomplete, imperfect, and in flux

Answer 5

true!

Question 6

if a new study contradicts an older study, is the older study proven wrong? explain

Answer 6

no! there can be multiple explanations for the same phenomenon, and different samples and methods can produce different findings

Question 7

T/F: people are like billiard balls: they react according to their influences

Answer 7

false! they interpret and rect to influence attempts

Question 8

reactance

Answer 8

producing the opposite behaviour that intended in a manipulation attempt (especially when the attempt is obvious)

Question 9

people are generally _____ (good/bad) at detecting when they are being manipulated

Answer 9

good

Question 10

demand characteristics

Answer 10

when participants give the researchers the response they want

Question 11

nudge theory

Answer 11

theory of social influence arguing that people’s behaviour can be shifted relatively easily and cheaply in a more socially desirable duration, by relatively small, subtle situational cues

Question 12

T/F: heuristics and biases make it nearly impossible for people to be rational

Answer 12

False

Question 13

T/F: rationality depends on the goals people are pursuing in a specific social situation

Answer 13

true

Question 14

is reality socially constructed? explain why or why not.

Answer 14

yes! people not only passively adopt collective beliefs, but actively collaborate to construct them

Question 15

what accelerated the social construction of reality?

Answer 15

mass media

Question 16

what is the main difference between experimental correlations and real life correlations?

Answer 16

real life correlations often have other influencing factors

Question 17

T/F: social reality is self-perpetuating, and once a behaviour pattern, thinking style, or set of relationships takes hold, it stays hold

Answer 17

true!

Question 18

give examples of self-perpentuating social realities

Answer 18

• habits
• inequality creates endless cycles
• sul-fulfilling prophecies

Question 19

how are we affected by the power of the group? (4)

Answer 19

• group memberships define who we are, and influence what we think and do
• guided by norms and roles
• positive consequences of being included
• we dislike deviants

Question 20

T/F: situations can influence our our prejudices, aggressions, goals, beliefs, and emotions

Answer 20

True!

Question 21

T/F: people more or less react to situations the same

Answer 21

false!

Question 22

people conform to the ____ and _____ of other people

Answer 22

opinions and pressures

Question 23

T/F: people can’t always tell what influences them, or when they’ve been influenced

Answer 23

true

Question 24

is it possible for some goals to be unconscious?

Answer 24

hell ya

Question 25

we know that attitudes shape our behaviours, but can behaviours shape our attitudes?

Answer 25

yes!

Question 26

cognitive dissonance

Answer 26

when there is a discrepancy between beliefs and behaviours, something must change

Question 27

saying-is-believing effect

Answer 27

articulating an argument for an audience changed our view to be more in line with what we said

Question 28

most social psychological phenomena are results of interactions between ____, _____, and _____ factors

Answer 28

social (environmental)l, mental, and bodily (physiological)

Question 29

people stereotype more when they have ____ (low/high) blood sugar

Answer 29

low

Question 30

common sampling biases in social psychological research (3)

Answer 30

- convenience samples (undergrad students) - WEIRD (western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic) samples - not enough implications in cross-cultural differences and similarities

Question 31

file drawer effect

Answer 31

non-significant findings are never made public

Question 32

publication bias

Answer 32

tendency to only publish positive findings

Question 33

what does it mean that there is often low ecological validity in researchers' methods

Answer 33

taking lab simulated thoughts and contexts and applying them too heavily to non-lab contexts

Question 34

what are the two main methods of social psychological research, which often cause a narrow scape of findings

Answer 34

experimental and correlational

Question 35

most research focuses on the measurement of attitudes, but what are two other aspects of social psychology often left out

Answer 35

behaviours and social actions

Question 36

journal editors are increasingly asking for ___________

Answer 36

behavioural methods

Question 37

main difference between social psychology and sociology is that psychology focuses on ____ (micro/macro) level of variables, whereas sociology focuses on ____ (micro/macro) level of variables

Answer 37

1. micro | 2. macro

Question 38

difference between American and European social psychology

Answer 38

American - processes occurring at the level of the individual European - processes occurring within or between groups

Question 39

what was the Deiderik Stapel scandal in 2011 about?

Answer 39

a prestigious psychologist was convicted in having falsified (made up) data in over 30 of his publications, some of which appear in high impact journals, which were later retracted

Question 40

why are replications so important?

Answer 40

because biasses, improper methods, and even chance can produce robust findings

Question 41

pros and cons of research using the internet for samples

Answer 41

- large sample sizes much quicker and cheaper - produces similar findings to lab studies - can't study many aspects of social psychology - difficult to get feedback from people - ethical issues

Question 42

crowdsourcing

Answer 42

a means of achieving complex, labour-intensive tasks by recruiting many people to contribute to the task over the internet

Question 43

data mining

Answer 43

the process of automatically searching large volumes of data for patterns

Question 44

fMRI

Answer 44

measures brain activity by detecting associated changes in blood flow

Question 45

transcranial magnetic stimulation

Answer 45

induces weak electric currents in the brain to allow the study of brain function

Question 46

electrocardiography

Answer 46

measure of electrical activity in the heart

Question 47

event related potentials

Answer 47

measure of brain response at the onset of a stimulus

Question 48

benefits of nonverbal and co-verbal behaviour studies

Answer 48

- rely less on self-report | - within real social context

Question 49

electromyography

Answer 49

the measure of electrical activity in the muscles

Question 50

eye tracking

Answer 50

the process of measuring either the points of gaze or the motion of the eyes relative to the head

Question 51

what is the most prevalent form of discrimination in Europe?

Answer 51

agism

Question 52

T/F: age stereotyping can be self-fulfilling

Answer 52

True! Someone who often associates old age with, for example, memory loss, will have a higher chance of having memory loss when they age

Question 53

benefits of cultural diversity?

Answer 53

-makes people more creative, tolerant, and productive | -

Question 54

restorative justice

Answer 54

bringing offenders and victims together to reconcile

Question 55

what is one important factor than uninformed individuals often forget about?

Answer 55

situational influence

Question 56

motivated social cognition

Answer 56

people believe claims that support their own self-image, the superiority of the group, and their preferred ideological positions

Question 57

before accepting a claim as a fact, you should evaluate it, seeing if it is supported by ____ and ____

Answer 57

evidence and logic

Question 58

critical thinking

Answer 58

ability and willingness to analyze arguments or evidence and synthesis them into one argument, and evaluate them

Question 59

seven practical techniques of critical thinking

Answer 59

1. draw a diagram or other graphic display that organizes the information 2. ask what additional information do I need 3. state the problem you want to solve in at least two different ways 4. ask which information is most important, and which is least 5. categorize findings in a meaningful way 6. list two solutions for problem, an present two arguments to support, and two that do not support a conclusion 7. ask what two actions you would take to improve the design of a study that was described

Question 60

psychological literacy

Answer 60

a set of skills including critical thinkings, ethics, and social responsibility