Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Psyc 231 Final > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

aggression

A

behaviour primarily intended to harm another living being

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the four types of “hurt” in aggression?

A
  1. physical
  2. social (damaged reputation)
  3. emotional (hurt feelings)
  4. cultural (defacing carvings, mosques, cemeteries, etc.)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

social/hostile aggression

A

between members of the same species, often triggered by competition over resources; often associated with anger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Silent/Instrumental aggression

A

between species (e.g. predator prey), not accompanied by anger, for functional survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

ethology

A

study of animal behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

T/F: aggression is universal in every culture, at almost every time, and by almost every animal species

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What did Hobbes speculate about a world with no laws or institutions?

A

life is nasty, brutish, and short

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Freud’s Thanatos instinct

A

death instinct - can be directed at oneself or others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the pessimistic view of aggression in relation to human nature?

A

humans as bound to be aggressive, mostly links to the biological view

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

who was Lorenz influenced by?

A

Freud and Darwin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Lorenz’s agressive energy

A

biologically adaptive energy that needs release through catharsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

catharsis

A

the release of pent-up aggressive energy through vicarious or symbolic acts of aggression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

does catharsis work in society?

A

hell nah, makes aggression worse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

if aggression has a biological basis, what are the three key influences?

A
  • genetics
  • neuroanatomy
  • chemisty
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what characteristic is common in domesticated animals with low aggressive behaviours, but rare in the wild (suggesting a link between aggression and physical characteristics)

A

depigmentation (grey/white) areas on the animal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

endocrinology

A

the manufacture, storage, chemistry, and biological function of hormones within the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

why are physical features related to behavioural features?

A

biochemical features of one’s endocrinology regulate behaviour, along with physical characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Twin studies

A

quasi-experiemntal studies in which similarities in the behaviour of monozygotic twins are compared to those between other siblings such as dizygotic twins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what did Raine find in twin studies of convicts

A

half of monozygotic twins also had criminal record, whereas 1/5 of dizygotic twins had criminal records

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the correlation between aggression of twins raised apart vs. separate?

A

self-reported aggression levels of monozygotic twins is equally as strong when they were raised apart as when they were raised together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the two criticisms of twin studies on aggression?

A
  1. often similar environments

2. monozygotic twins’ aggression is not especially similar in the lab

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is MAOA?

A

a gene on the X chromosome that is thought to switch off neurotransmitters such as serotonin, and control mood and behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is often the result of low serotonin?

A

high aggression and depression, often prevalent in delinquents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

T/F: genetics have a straightforward influence on behaviour

A

false, very complicated (many genes, many environmental influences)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
psychopathy
a personality disorder characterized by impaired moral conscience, lack of empathy for others, and sensitivity to fearful negative stimuli
26
'Warrior gene'
a gene responsible for regulated the manufacturing of MAOA (34% of the population carry it), associated with heightened incidence of psychopathy and aggression among ethnically European samples
27
serotonin
neurotransmitter that regulate sleep, appetite, and mood (linking with aggression and depression)
28
what did Lagerspetz find in his experiement with mice?
bred a race of 'warrior mice' and 'pacifist mice' after 26 generations
29
testosterone
a steroid hormone found i both sexes of many animals, but in amounts roughly 10x higher in men than women - associated with increased bone an muscle mass - associated with increased risk taking, selfishness, and aggression
30
increased serotonin = ______ (more/less) aggression | increased testosterone = _____ (more/less) aggression
a) less | b) more
31
what did Delgado find when looking at neuroanatomical influences on aggression?
he could completely control animal behaviour through electrical stimulation of certain brain parts
32
what are some impacts of alcohol on aggressive tendencies?
- preferred by those who are more aggressive sober - in the bloodstream in most rapes and murders - reduces self awareness and ability to consider consequences
33
what other biochemical does alcohol often interact with
testosterone
34
what did Begue et al. find when using an alcohol placebo?
- people still acted intoxicated, mostly because of alcohol-related expectancies - we think it's linked with violence)
35
when did Brown et al. find when showing alcoholic immorally to kids?
increased aggression in lab tasks
36
high ratings of narcissism are often associated with ____ (high/low) levels of aggression
high
37
displaced aggression
aggression aroused by one source, but directed at another
38
frustration
an aversive state that is triggered when individuals are prevented from achieving a goal they are pursuing
39
aversive condition
any condition that an organism finds unpleasant and seeks to avoid, modify, or escape where possible - often triggers aggressive responses
40
what are the three factors that increase frustration
1. when motivation to achieve goal is strong 2. when we expect to achieve the goal 3. when the blocking is complete
41
hostile attribution bias
errors in attribution may underpin a lot of aggressive behaviour (interpreting ambiguous acts as hostile often causes one to retaliate and aggress)
42
what did Burnstein and Worschel find in their revised frustration-aggression theory?
when frustrating person can't control anger (hearing aid fails), frustration leads to irritation/anger, not aggression
43
what is Berkowitz's neo-assocationalist model?
frustration leads to anger with cues associated with aggression
44
anger is most likely leads to aggression when _______________ remind people of aggressive behaviours
cues in the environment
45
relative depravation
the perception that, relative to others, one is not receiving good treatment or experiencing desired outcomes
46
what did Hennigan et al. find about relative deprivation and the introduction of TVs?
criminal (larceny) theft rates increased because people felt deprived relative to glamorous, wealthy characters on TV
47
what is often blames for the increased hated of Western nations?
relative depravation induced by globalization
48
what are the social trends in the West according to Cziskentmihalyi?
increasing wealth, no increase in psychological well-being
49
what is aggression most likely to occur?
when we are aroused, and it seems safe and rewarding
50
how can vicarious conditioning be linked to aggression?
watching others being rewarded can influence behaviour
51
mean world syndrome
exaggerated perceptions of the frequency of violence and antisocial behaviour that may follow from the consumption of violent media material
52
general aggression model (GAM) - and it's three components
model describing the situational and personality variables that combine to produce human aggression 1. aggressive thoughts 2. aggressive feelings 3. physiological arousal
53
Lorenz's catharsis hypothesis vs. Sipe's norms hypothesis in relation to aggression and sports
Catharsis - the main function of sport is catharsis discharge (symbolic substitute for war.. war should decrease with increased sport) Norms - aggressive sport reflect and fuels aggressive societal norms (increased sport = increased tendency of war)
54
T/F: people who play combative sports are less aggressive off the field
false - they are most aggressive
55
what colour of uniforms tend to make players more
black
56
what did Sivarajasingam find about hospital admissions and rugby games?
more admissions after games, especially if the home team wins (makes the fans feel more aggressive, increased drinking?)
57
correlation between violent TV/computer games and aggression?
positive correlation, and effects are getting stronger
58
what did Mullen find about intergroup hate crimes
the more white lynchers, the more horrific the violence
59
culture of honour
a culture in white honour and reputation, especially of men, is held to be important, and in which violence is seen as a justified means of defending one's honour
60
hate crime
an aggressive and illegal act against a person or persons that is motivated b prejudice towards he group to which they belong
61
why are rape cases and domestic violence cases considered intergroup violence?
isolated (and high frequency) cases cause all women to be in fear, as they are motivated by ideologies supporting power and dominance over women
62
what was the outcome of Cohen and Nisbett's field experiment about the honour letter?
more sympathy for the confederate who killed a man for boasting about sleeping with his fiance (herding society - more prevalent in the North)
63
four common factors of school shooters?
1. tyically socially rejected 2. psychological problems 3. interest in guns or explosives 4. pre-occupied with death
64
male warrior hypothesis
the argument that men who are effective warriors have had an advantage in accessing mates and thus passing on their genes - through an evolutionary process, men have apparently acquired a psychological make up that predisposes them to warlike behaviour
65
when did Hokanson et al. show that catharsis works?
when they can retaliate provocateur, it is justifiable, and the target is not intimidating
66
Goldstein and Glick's social learning approach
aggression replacement community programs that encourage parents away from physical and verbal punishment
67
Eron and Heurmann's social learning approach
teaching children that TV is unrealistic, that violence is less common as TV suggests, and that aggression is undesirable resulted in less aggression, and lower susceptibility to TV violence
68
was Howell and Day's anger management successful?
very!
69
what are two other roots of aggression other than anger (often key in domestic violence)
power and intimidation
70
How did Olweus reduce bullying by 50% in 20 months?
- implemented a program where punishment should be highly likely and speedy, where mild punishment was found to be more effective than sever punishment, and increasing empathy with victims while reducing blame
71
what do WITS and LEADS stand for?
``` WITS = Walk away; Ignore; Talk it out; Seek help LEADS = Look and listen; Explore points of view; Act; Did it work?; Seek Help ```

Psyc 231 Final (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions