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Psyc 231 Final > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

aggression

A

behaviour primarily intended to harm another living being

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2
Q

what are the four types of “hurt” in aggression?

A
  1. physical
  2. social (damaged reputation)
  3. emotional (hurt feelings)
  4. cultural (defacing carvings, mosques, cemeteries, etc.)
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3
Q

social/hostile aggression

A

between members of the same species, often triggered by competition over resources; often associated with anger

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4
Q

Silent/Instrumental aggression

A

between species (e.g. predator prey), not accompanied by anger, for functional survival

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5
Q

ethology

A

study of animal behaviour

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6
Q

T/F: aggression is universal in every culture, at almost every time, and by almost every animal species

A

True

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7
Q

What did Hobbes speculate about a world with no laws or institutions?

A

life is nasty, brutish, and short

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8
Q

Freud’s Thanatos instinct

A

death instinct - can be directed at oneself or others

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9
Q

what is the pessimistic view of aggression in relation to human nature?

A

humans as bound to be aggressive, mostly links to the biological view

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10
Q

who was Lorenz influenced by?

A

Freud and Darwin

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11
Q

Lorenz’s agressive energy

A

biologically adaptive energy that needs release through catharsis

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12
Q

catharsis

A

the release of pent-up aggressive energy through vicarious or symbolic acts of aggression

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13
Q

does catharsis work in society?

A

hell nah, makes aggression worse

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14
Q

if aggression has a biological basis, what are the three key influences?

A
  • genetics
  • neuroanatomy
  • chemisty
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15
Q

what characteristic is common in domesticated animals with low aggressive behaviours, but rare in the wild (suggesting a link between aggression and physical characteristics)

A

depigmentation (grey/white) areas on the animal

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16
Q

endocrinology

A

the manufacture, storage, chemistry, and biological function of hormones within the body

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17
Q

why are physical features related to behavioural features?

A

biochemical features of one’s endocrinology regulate behaviour, along with physical characteristics

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18
Q

Twin studies

A

quasi-experiemntal studies in which similarities in the behaviour of monozygotic twins are compared to those between other siblings such as dizygotic twins

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19
Q

what did Raine find in twin studies of convicts

A

half of monozygotic twins also had criminal record, whereas 1/5 of dizygotic twins had criminal records

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20
Q

what is the correlation between aggression of twins raised apart vs. separate?

A

self-reported aggression levels of monozygotic twins is equally as strong when they were raised apart as when they were raised together

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21
Q

what are the two criticisms of twin studies on aggression?

A
  1. often similar environments

2. monozygotic twins’ aggression is not especially similar in the lab

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22
Q

what is MAOA?

A

a gene on the X chromosome that is thought to switch off neurotransmitters such as serotonin, and control mood and behaviour

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23
Q

what is often the result of low serotonin?

A

high aggression and depression, often prevalent in delinquents

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24
Q

T/F: genetics have a straightforward influence on behaviour

A

false, very complicated (many genes, many environmental influences)

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25
Q

psychopathy

A

a personality disorder characterized by impaired moral conscience, lack of empathy for others, and sensitivity to fearful negative stimuli

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26
Q

‘Warrior gene’

A

a gene responsible for regulated the manufacturing of MAOA (34% of the population carry it), associated with heightened incidence of psychopathy and aggression among ethnically European samples

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27
Q

serotonin

A

neurotransmitter that regulate sleep, appetite, and mood (linking with aggression and depression)

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28
Q

what did Lagerspetz find in his experiement with mice?

A

bred a race of ‘warrior mice’ and ‘pacifist mice’ after 26 generations

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29
Q

testosterone

A

a steroid hormone found i both sexes of many animals, but in amounts roughly 10x higher in men than women

  • associated with increased bone an muscle mass
  • associated with increased risk taking, selfishness, and aggression
30
Q

increased serotonin = ______ (more/less) aggression

increased testosterone = _____ (more/less) aggression

A

a) less

b) more

31
Q

what did Delgado find when looking at neuroanatomical influences on aggression?

A

he could completely control animal behaviour through electrical stimulation of certain brain parts

32
Q

what are some impacts of alcohol on aggressive tendencies?

A
  • preferred by those who are more aggressive sober
  • in the bloodstream in most rapes and murders
  • reduces self awareness and ability to consider consequences
33
Q

what other biochemical does alcohol often interact with

A

testosterone

34
Q

what did Begue et al. find when using an alcohol placebo?

A
  • people still acted intoxicated, mostly because of alcohol-related expectancies
  • we think it’s linked with violence)
35
Q

when did Brown et al. find when showing alcoholic immorally to kids?

A

increased aggression in lab tasks

36
Q

high ratings of narcissism are often associated with ____ (high/low) levels of aggression

A

high

37
Q

displaced aggression

A

aggression aroused by one source, but directed at another

38
Q

frustration

A

an aversive state that is triggered when individuals are prevented from achieving a goal they are pursuing

39
Q

aversive condition

A

any condition that an organism finds unpleasant and seeks to avoid, modify, or escape where possible
- often triggers aggressive responses

40
Q

what are the three factors that increase frustration

A
  1. when motivation to achieve goal is strong
  2. when we expect to achieve the goal
  3. when the blocking is complete
41
Q

hostile attribution bias

A

errors in attribution may underpin a lot of aggressive behaviour (interpreting ambiguous acts as hostile often causes one to retaliate and aggress)

42
Q

what did Burnstein and Worschel find in their revised frustration-aggression theory?

A

when frustrating person can’t control anger (hearing aid fails), frustration leads to irritation/anger, not aggression

43
Q

what is Berkowitz’s neo-assocationalist model?

A

frustration leads to anger with cues associated with aggression

44
Q

anger is most likely leads to aggression when _______________ remind people of aggressive behaviours

A

cues in the environment

45
Q

relative depravation

A

the perception that, relative to others, one is not receiving good treatment or experiencing desired outcomes

46
Q

what did Hennigan et al. find about relative deprivation and the introduction of TVs?

A

criminal (larceny) theft rates increased because people felt deprived relative to glamorous, wealthy characters on TV

47
Q

what is often blames for the increased hated of Western nations?

A

relative depravation induced by globalization

48
Q

what are the social trends in the West according to Cziskentmihalyi?

A

increasing wealth, no increase in psychological well-being

49
Q

what is aggression most likely to occur?

A

when we are aroused, and it seems safe and rewarding

50
Q

how can vicarious conditioning be linked to aggression?

A

watching others being rewarded can influence behaviour

51
Q

mean world syndrome

A

exaggerated perceptions of the frequency of violence and antisocial behaviour that may follow from the consumption of violent media material

52
Q

general aggression model (GAM) - and it’s three components

A

model describing the situational and personality variables that combine to produce human aggression

  1. aggressive thoughts
  2. aggressive feelings
  3. physiological arousal
53
Q

Lorenz’s catharsis hypothesis vs. Sipe’s norms hypothesis in relation to aggression and sports

A

Catharsis - the main function of sport is catharsis discharge (symbolic substitute for war.. war should decrease with increased sport)
Norms - aggressive sport reflect and fuels aggressive societal norms (increased sport = increased tendency of war)

54
Q

T/F: people who play combative sports are less aggressive off the field

A

false - they are most aggressive

55
Q

what colour of uniforms tend to make players more

A

black

56
Q

what did Sivarajasingam find about hospital admissions and rugby games?

A

more admissions after games, especially if the home team wins (makes the fans feel more aggressive, increased drinking?)

57
Q

correlation between violent TV/computer games and aggression?

A

positive correlation, and effects are getting stronger

58
Q

what did Mullen find about intergroup hate crimes

A

the more white lynchers, the more horrific the violence

59
Q

culture of honour

A

a culture in white honour and reputation, especially of men, is held to be important, and in which violence is seen as a justified means of defending one’s honour

60
Q

hate crime

A

an aggressive and illegal act against a person or persons that is motivated b prejudice towards he group to which they belong

61
Q

why are rape cases and domestic violence cases considered intergroup violence?

A

isolated (and high frequency) cases cause all women to be in fear, as they are motivated by ideologies supporting power and dominance over women

62
Q

what was the outcome of Cohen and Nisbett’s field experiment about the honour letter?

A

more sympathy for the confederate who killed a man for boasting about sleeping with his fiance (herding society - more prevalent in the North)

63
Q

four common factors of school shooters?

A
  1. tyically socially rejected
  2. psychological problems
  3. interest in guns or explosives
  4. pre-occupied with death
64
Q

male warrior hypothesis

A

the argument that men who are effective warriors have had an advantage in accessing mates and thus passing on their genes
- through an evolutionary process, men have apparently acquired a psychological make up that predisposes them to warlike behaviour

65
Q

when did Hokanson et al. show that catharsis works?

A

when they can retaliate provocateur, it is justifiable, and the target is not intimidating

66
Q

Goldstein and Glick’s social learning approach

A

aggression replacement community programs that encourage parents away from physical and verbal punishment

67
Q

Eron and Heurmann’s social learning approach

A

teaching children that TV is unrealistic, that violence is less common as TV suggests, and that aggression is undesirable resulted in less aggression, and lower susceptibility to TV violence

68
Q

was Howell and Day’s anger management successful?

A

very!

69
Q

what are two other roots of aggression other than anger (often key in domestic violence)

A

power and intimidation

70
Q

How did Olweus reduce bullying by 50% in 20 months?

A
  • implemented a program where punishment should be highly likely and speedy, where mild punishment was found to be more effective than sever punishment, and increasing empathy with victims while reducing blame
71
Q

what do WITS and LEADS stand for?

A 
WITS = Walk away; Ignore; Talk it out; Seek help
LEADS = Look and listen; Explore points of view; Act; Did it work?; Seek Help

Psyc 231 Final (5 decks)

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