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Psyc 231 Final > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

positive psychology

A

a movement within psychology that emphasizes how positive aspect of human nature and experience can be enhanced; informed by the philosophical position of humanism, which assumes that humane nature is ultimately good

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2
Q

altruism

A

an action that is performed to benefit a person without benefiting the self

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3
Q

helping behaviour

A

an action that is performed to help another person

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4
Q

prosocial behaviour

A

an action that is positively valued by society

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5
Q

those with the ______ (lowest/highest) income give more to charity

A

lowest

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6
Q

what are the three key themes of altruism?

A
  1. bystander intervention
  2. situational and dispositional determinants of helping behaviour
  3. helping behaviour in the context of social dilemmas
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7
Q

bystander intervention

A

the act of helping a person in danger or distress by people who are not its cause

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8
Q

what happened in the Kitty Genovese case?

A

38 residents heard her getting attacked (stabbed, raped, and killed), none of them did anything
- the apparent actions of the bystanders overshadowed the brutality of the murder and sparked many studies on bystander intervention

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9
Q

what did Darley and Latané find about the bystander intervention (fake seizure)

A

more bystanders = less bystander help, more time to act

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10
Q

what are the four gates of bystander intervention found by Latané and Darley

A
  1. notice the incident
  2. interpret it as an emergency
  3. assume responsibility
  4. try to help
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11
Q

diffusion of responsibility

A

one explanation why bystanders do not intervene is the perception that someone else will

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12
Q

pluralistic ignorance

A

the phenomenon whereby people wrongly assume, based on others’ actions, that they endorse a particular norm

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13
Q

four scenarios where people help more?

A
  • when they have been drinking
  • when they are with friends
  • if they believe others around them will also intervene
  • if they are ‘ingroup’
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14
Q

mechiavellianism (define, and probability to intervene?

A

individual differences variable associated with the tendency to manipulate others for personal gain (low probability of intervening)

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15
Q

belief in a just world (define and probability to intervene)

A

belief that the world is a just place in which people get what they deserve (high probability)

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16
Q

empathy (define and probability to intervene)

A

the ability to take the perspective of others (high probability)

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17
Q

empathetic concern

A

an emotional reaction to the suffering of others which results from their taking perspective, and which is thought by many researchers to motivate helping behaviour

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18
Q

moral reasoning (define and probability to intervene)

A

the extent to which people compare their own needs with overarching moral standards (high moral standards = high probability)

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19
Q

extensitivity (define and probability to intervene)

A

a person’s sense that they are obligated to help others, both close and distant (widened feeling of responsibility = higher probability)

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20
Q

religiosity (define and probability to intervene)

A

extent of a having a religious belief (high religiosity = high probability)

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21
Q

is there a gender difference in one’s probability to help?

A

YES!

  • men help more when bravery or heroism is involved
  • women help more in long term care and volunteering
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22
Q

does mood have an influence on helping?

A

yes, both good and bad moods can entice altruism,

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23
Q

do role models impact likelihood of helping?

A

yess! seeing someone help others makes us more likely to help

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24
Q

does culture influence altruism?

A

yes! possibly due to productivity (countries who earn more are less likely to help), religion, cultural norms

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25
do similarities influence one's ability to help?
yes! the more similar some is or appears to be, the more likely we are to help them (dress, nationality, attitudes, groups, etc.)
26
what did Regan et al. find when exploring the power of the situation?
we help others to make ourselves feel better
27
what is Cialdini's perspective on altruism?
there is no 'true' or 'pure' altruism, it always has selfish motives
28
Batson's empathy-alturism hypothesis
helping behaviour is sometimes motivated by empathetic concerns for the welfare of others; some actions are driven by empathy with a genuine desire to help
29
what are the two possible explanations from evolutionary psychologists as to why we commit altruistic acts?
kin selection ( helping kin promotes successful reproduction) and reciprocal altruism (mutual survival)
30
what are the two types of rewards for helping?
internal (feeling good about oneself) and external (some type of reward)
31
kin selection
acting differently towards members of the same species depending on their degree of genetic relatedness to the self; can deter animals from mating, but can encourage them to act altruistically
32
reciprocal alturism
acting altruistically towards members of the same specie that have already helped them; mutual change of survival
33
differences in who gets help: a. age b. gender c. attractiveness d. personality
a. the older the person, the more help one gets b. women are more likely to receive help c. attractive people receive more help d. socially anxious and those high in self-esteem receive less help
34
social dilemmas
situations in which the interests of the individual are at odds with the interests of the group
35
cooperation
decisions that sacrifice the person's interests for the sake of the group
36
defection
decisions that pursue the person's interests at the expense of the group
37
prisoners dilemma
the interests of the group are severed by both not confessing, but the individual is better off if they confess
38
public good dilemma
a dilemma in which individuals are better off if they do not contribute but the group as a whole is worse off; "free-riding"
39
commons dilemma
a resource is for everyone but if overused by individuals, then eventually nobody will be able to use it
40
four main strategies for encouraging cooperation
1. encourage pro-social orientation 2. encourage strong social identification 3. communication 4. strategies during the game
41
social value orientation
the extent to which an individual is 'pro-self' or 'prosocial'; which determines the extent to which people will be cooperative
42
impacts of strong social identification?
the more people identify with a group, the more likely they are willing to cooperate; especially if they are proself
43
how does communication impact ones likelihood of cooperation?
- mistrust can be resolved - establishing how people should behave - a strong norm of cooperation can be developed - knowing how others will behave
44
altruistic punishment
the involved incurring a personal cost in order o harm a person who has defected
45
indirect reciprocity
incurring a personal cost in order to reward a person who has cooperated with other group members
46
direct reciprocity
a person incurs personal cost to reward a person who has cooperated with them directly
47
can altruistic punishment been seen as an act of aggression?
hell yes
48
justice
said to exist when people treat each other as they are entitled or deserve to be treated
49
entitlement
respect, autonomy, inheritance
50
deservingness
treatment a person has earned because of their good or bad behaviour
51
disruptive justice
justness of the outcomes person receive
52
procedural justice
fairness of the process used to distribute justice
53
two functions of justice
1. people who feel like they have been treated justly have improved functioning (happier, confident) 2. benefits the collective if people work hard and respect social rules
54
equity
outcomes should be proportional to merit and contribute
55
equality
resources should be distributed equally
56
need
the focus should be on what people need to survive
57
what are the three principles pf justice?
equity, equality, and need
58
Thibaut and Kelley's social exchange theory
- people pursue their own interests (give some to get some) - goal is to minimize costs and maximize personal benefits - comparison level for alternatives
59
why is it hard for people to leave unrewarding relationships according to Rusbult and Buunk ?
the more people invest in something (relationship, work, etc.), the more attached they are. People don't leave currently unrewarding relationships because they have already invested so much, and are attached (don't want everything they put into it to go to waste)
60
Adams' equity theory
- people compare and evaluate the net benefit they receive and compare it to others - it is distressing to be both under benefitted, AND over benefitted - ratio should be equal
61
what is the ratio used in Adams' equity theory?
(my rewards/my contributions) : (their rewards/their contribution)
62
what is an issue in both exchange theory and equity theory?
they explain why we are concerned with fairness of those connected to us, but not why we care about justice that has little or no effect on us
63
Lemer's just world theory
- people have a dee-seated need to perceive the world as a just place - arises in children when they learn to follow rules and work towards goals - pleasure to reality
64
according to Lemer's just world theory, children switch from ______ principle to _______ principle during development
pleasure to reality
65
according to Lemer's just world theory, children form _____ (implicit/explicit) ________ with the world in which they commit to following moral rules, but expect ________ in exchange.
a) implicit b) personal contract c) to receive good and deserved outcomes
66
benefits of a personal contract in Lemer's just world theory
- gives confidence to pursue goals - promotes mental health - gives a positive illusion - better stress coping - better sleep - less loneliness and depression - expect an orderly, meaningful, and controllable life
67
what is an issue with Lemer's just world theory? (why is it considered a double ended sword)
- its benefits motivate people to defend their belief against contradictory evidence, so they will blame or derogate victims if there is nothing the person can do - more likely to help in specific situations (e.g. sponsor a child) than to help a larger issue (e.g. end poverty charity) - people will help when they can, but will restore their "just world" belief by distorting their perspective on the victim
68
T/F: those with a high belief in a just world have a lower tendency for prejudices
False - often have more prejudices
69
BJW-self vs. BJW-others
self- associated with psychological well-being and forgiveness, but not harsh social attitudes others- associated with harsh social attitudes and less forgiveness, but not well-being
70
what did Hafer find about the belief in a just world theory when asking participants' opinions on a woman accidentally contracting HIV (broken condom)? what does it suggest about BJW?
- people thought an innocent victim's situation was more just if they were asked to list their long-term life goals right before - people need to believe in justice - BJW could be from decisional victims
71
what did Callen et al. find about belief in a just world theory what asked about how much a man won in a lottery after watching one of two videos? what does it suggest about BJW?
- people recalled that a 'bad' man had won much less after watching a video - justice can distort our perception of reality
72
immanent justice reasoning
the superstitious attribution of good and bad outcomes to unrelated good and bad deeds
73
group-value model
model explaining that people care about the status and respect they receive within their social groups
74
in the group-value model, the fairness of outcomes (______) and the processes (______) are an indicator of their status
a) distributive justice | b) procedural justice
75
what are some behavioural consequences of being treated fairly in the group-value model?
they are assumed to be held at a higher regard, causing them to identify more with the group, work harder, and sacrifice more for the group
76
according to the group-vale model, how do you get people to treat you with resect?
treat them with fairness
77
system justification theory
theory that people's dependence on social systems for wealth and security motivates them to justify those social systems and see them as fair
78
A defect in the system justification theory arouses _____
dissonance
79
why do people in low status groups often over support and believe in government inequality
people internalize stereotypes, and feel that inequality is legitimate and necessary
80
depressed entitlement effect
the tendency for women, when given the change to determine their own pay in an experimental task, to pay themselves less than men
81
how does communication influence justice beliefs?
sharing perceptions of justice with other bolsters certainty, and they socially construct and just world

Psyc 231 Final (5 decks)

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