Chapter 15 Flashcards
(27 cards)
learning
the change of behavior as a function
of experience
behaviorism
The theoretical view of personality that focuses on overt behavior and the ways in which it can be affected by rewards and punishments in the environment. A modern variant is the social learning approach,
which adds a concern with how behavior is affected by observation, self-evaluation, and social interaction
functional analysis
in behaviorism, a description
of how a behavior is a function of the environment of the person or animal that performs it
empiricism
the idea that all knowledge comes from experience is called empiricism. Experience,
in this analysis, is not something that
associationism
the claim that any two things, including ideas, become mentally associated as one if they are repeatedly experienced close together in time.
hedonism
claims that people (and organisms in general) learn for two reasons: to seek pleasure and avoid pain
utilitarianism
claims that the best society is one that creates the most happiness for the largest number of people
habituation
the decrease in response to a stimulus on repeated applications; this is the simplest
kind of learning
classical conditioning
the kind of learning in which an unconditioned response (such as salivating), that is naturally elicited by one stimulus (such as food), becomes elicited also by a new, conditioned stimulus (such as a bell)
learned helplessness
a belief that nothing one does matters, derived from an experience of random or unpredictable reward and punishment,
and theorized to be a basis of depression
respondent conditioning
the conditioned response is essentially passive with no impact of its own
operant conditioning
Skinner’s term for the process of learning in which an organism’s behavior is shaped by the effect of the behavior on the environment
reinforcement
In operant conditioning, a reward that, when applied following a behavior, increases
the frequency of that behavior
punishment
aversive consequence that follows
an act in order to stop it and prevent its repetition
habit hierarchy
in Dollard and Miller’s social learning
theory, all of the behaviors an individual might do, ranked in order from most to least probable
drive
state of psychological tension that feels good when the tension is reduced, pleasure comes from satisfying the need that produced the drive
primary drives
those for food, water, physical comfort, avoidance of physical pain, sexual gratification
secondary drives
include positive drives for love, prestige, money, and power, as well as negative drives such as the avoidance of fear and of humiliation
frustration-aggression hypothesis
In Dollard and Miller’s social learning theory, the hypothesis that frustration automatically creates an impulse toward aggression
approach-avoidance conflict
In Dollard and Miller’s social learning theory, the confl ict induced by a stimulus that is at once attractive and aversive
expectancy value theory
Rotter’s theory of how the value and perceived attainability of a goal combine to affect the probability of a goal-seeking
behavior.
expectancy
is an individual’s belief, or subjective probability, about how likely it seems that the behavior will attain its goal
efficacy expectations
in Bandura’s social learning theory, one’s belief that one can perform a given goal-directed behavior
self-efficacy
one’s beliefs about the degree to which one will be able to accomplish a goal if one tries
