Chapter 15

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

the change of behavior as a function

of experience

Question 2

behaviorism

Answer 2

The theoretical view of personality that focuses on overt behavior and the ways in which it can be affected by rewards and punishments in the environment. A modern variant is the social learning approach,
which adds a concern with how behavior is affected by observation, self-evaluation, and social interaction

Question 3

functional analysis

Answer 3

in behaviorism, a description

of how a behavior is a function of the environment of the person or animal that performs it

Question 4

empiricism

Answer 4

the idea that all knowledge comes from experience is called empiricism. Experience,
in this analysis, is not something that

Question 5

associationism

Answer 5

the claim that any two things, including ideas, become mentally associated as one if they are repeatedly experienced close together in time.

Question 6

hedonism

Answer 6

claims that people (and organisms in general) learn for two reasons: to seek pleasure and avoid pain

Question 7

utilitarianism

Answer 7

claims that the best society is one that creates the most happiness for the largest number of people

Question 8

habituation

Answer 8

the decrease in response to a stimulus on repeated applications; this is the simplest
kind of learning

Question 9

classical conditioning

Answer 9

the kind of learning in which an unconditioned response (such as salivating), that is naturally elicited by one stimulus (such as food), becomes elicited also by a new, conditioned stimulus (such as a bell)

Question 10

learned helplessness

Answer 10

a belief that nothing one does matters, derived from an experience of random or unpredictable reward and punishment,
and theorized to be a basis of depression

Question 11

respondent conditioning

Answer 11

the conditioned response is essentially passive with no impact of its own

Question 12

operant conditioning

Answer 12

Skinner’s term for the process of learning in which an organism’s behavior is shaped by the effect of the behavior on the environment

Question 13

reinforcement

Answer 13

In operant conditioning, a reward that, when applied following a behavior, increases
the frequency of that behavior

Question 14

punishment

Answer 14

aversive consequence that follows

an act in order to stop it and prevent its repetition

Question 15

habit hierarchy

Answer 15

in Dollard and Miller’s social learning

theory, all of the behaviors an individual might do, ranked in order from most to least probable

Question 16

drive

Answer 16

state of psychological tension that feels good when the tension is reduced, pleasure comes from satisfying the need that produced the drive

Question 17

primary drives

Answer 17

those for food, water, physical comfort, avoidance of physical pain, sexual gratification

Question 18

secondary drives

Answer 18

include positive drives for love, prestige, money, and power, as well as negative drives such as the avoidance of fear and of humiliation

Question 19

frustration-aggression hypothesis

Answer 19

In Dollard and Miller’s social learning theory, the hypothesis that frustration automatically creates an impulse toward aggression

Question 20

approach-avoidance conflict

Answer 20

In Dollard and Miller’s social learning theory, the confl ict induced by a stimulus that is at once attractive and aversive

Question 21

expectancy value theory

Answer 21

Rotter’s theory of how the value and perceived attainability of a goal combine to affect the probability of a goal-seeking
behavior.

Question 22

expectancy

Answer 22

is an individual’s belief, or subjective probability, about how likely it seems that the behavior will attain its goal

Question 23

efficacy expectations

Answer 23

in Bandura’s social learning theory, one’s belief that one can perform a given goal-directed behavior

Question 24

self-efficacy

Answer 24

one’s beliefs about the degree to which one will be able to accomplish a goal if one tries

Question 25

self-concept

Answer 25

a person’s knowledge and opinions about herself

Question 26

observational learning

Answer 26

learning a behavior by watching someone else do it

Question 27

reciprocal determinism

Answer 27

Bandura’s term for the way people affect their environments even while their environments affect them