chapter 15 Flashcards
psychological disorders
a persistent disturbance or dysfunction in behaviour , thoughts, or emotions that causes significant stress or impairment
the 3 Ds of psychopathy
- Distressing to self or others
2.Dysfunctional for person or society - Deviant: violates societal norms
the medical model
an approach that conceptualizes abnormal psychological experience as illness, that like physical illnesses, have biological and environmental causes, defined symptoms, and a possible cure
the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM)
a classification system that describes the symptoms used to diagnose each of the recognized psychological disorders and indicates how the disorder can be distinguished from other similar problems. Main categories: anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, obsessive compulsive and related disorders, personality disorders, dissociative disorder, feeding and eating disorders
Taijin Kyofusho
a disorder that is very prevalent in Japan. Mix of body dysmorphia and social anxiety
biopsychosocial perspective
considers biological, psychological, and social factors in what causes psychological distress
diathesis stress model
suggests that a person may be predisposed to a psychological disorder that will remain unexpressed until triggered by stress
Rosenhan (1973)
pseudo patients admitted themselves into mental hospitals across the US showing stating they could hear voices. as soon as they were admitted they stated that they were fine again. point was to see how long ti took until they were released. Serves as evidence for dangers in labelling (the hospitals all automatically labelled these pseudo patients as schizophrenic)
anxiety disorders
anxiety as the basis . includes phobias, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder. Has 4 different components: emotional symptoms, cognitive symptoms, physiological symptoms, behavioural symptoms
phobic disorders
disorder characterized by marked, persistent, and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations
specific phobias
fit into 5 categories:
animals, natural environments, situational blood injection and injury, and other
social phobia
irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed
panic disorder
characterized by the sudden occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a start terror
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
characterized as chronic excessive worry accompanied by 3 or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance. may interfere with mental processes like working memory. 1/16 people in Canada and USA will suffer from GAD. Low GABA levels.
obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
characterized by repetitive intrusive thoughts and ritualistic behaviours designed to fend off those thoughts that interfere significantly with an individuals functioning.
post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
characterized by chronic physiological arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts or images of trauma, and the avoidance of things that call the traumatic event to mind. Heightened activity in the amygdala and reduced activity in the medial prefrontal cortex. smaller hippocampal volume.
mood disorders
mental disorders that have mood disturbances as their predominant feature. Two main forms: depression (unipolar depression), and bipolar disorder
depressive disorders
4 main kinds of symptoms of depression: emotional symptoms, motivational symptoms, somatic symptoms, cognitive symptoms. 1/9 people in Canada will experience depression at some point. Increasing levels of norepinephrine and serotonin can help treat depression
major depressive disorder
characterized by severely depressed mood and/or inability to experience pleasure that lasts 2 or more weeks and is accompanied by feelings of worthlessness, lethargy, and sleep and appetite disturbances
persistent depressive disorder
a less severe but more chronic experience of depressive symptoms, lasting at least 2 years
double depression
consists of moderately depressed mood that persists for at least 2 years and it punctuated by periods of major depression
cognitive model of depression
how we see and obtain info from the world around us contributes to depression
helpless theory
argues depressive people make internal, stable, and global attributions for negative experiences
bipolar disorder
characterized by cycles of abnormal , persistent high mood and low mood.
bipolar I disorder
experiences at least 1 depressive episode and 1 manic episode
bipolar II disorder
experiences a depressive episode followed by a hypomania episode (hypomania is a less severe version of mania)
schizophrenia
psychotic disorder characterized by the profound disruption of basic psychological processes; a distorted perception of reality; altered or blunted emotion; and disturbances of thought , motivation, and behaviour. some people with schizophrenia have enlarged ventricles (not a lot of evidence to support this) . some people with schizophrenia also show loss of tissue in parietal lobe
dopamine hypothesis
idea that schizophrenia involves excess of dopamine
personality disorders
enduring patterns of thinking , feeling, or relating to others or controlling impulses that deviate from cultural expectations and causes distress or impaired functioning . 3 main clusters :
odd/eccentric . dramatic/ erratic , anxious/ inhibited
antisocial personality disorder
characterized as a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others that begins in early childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood. 3 or more signs are necessary: illegal behaviour, deception, impulsivity, physical aggression, recklessness, irresponsibility, a lack of remorse for wrongdoing. Lack of impulse control (prefrontal cortex).
histrionic personality disorder
characterized by extreme attention seeking behaviours. tend to be over dramatic and theatrical. high levels of egocentrism.
comorbidity
the co-occurrence of 2 or more disorders in a single individual
epidemiology
the study of the disruption and causes of health and disease
research domain criteria (RDoC)
trying to shift towards studying dimensional biopsychosocial processed believed to lead to mental disorders
preparedness theory
the idea that people are instinctively predisposed towards certain fears
rapid cycling bipolar disorder
characterized by at least 4 mood episodes every year
autism spectrum disorder
a condition beginning in early childhood in which a person shows persistent communication deficits as well as restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviours , interests or activities
schizoid personality disorder
extreme introversion and withdrawl, little interest in others, homourless, distant , often absorbed with own thoughts and emotions
schizotypal personality disorder
peculiar or eccentric manners of speaking or dressing, strange beliefs, may act oddly in conversation
borderline personality disorder
unstable mood and intense, stormy personal relationships , suicidal threats or gestures to manipulate
avoidant personality disorder
socially anxious but yearns for contact, avoids social situations out of fear of rejection
