Chapter 15 Flashcards
To classify a psychological condition as a mental disorder, it usually meets one or more of these:
- Statistical rarity: uncommon in the general population but not always bad
- Subjective distress: the person is emotionally suffering
- Impairment: disrupts daily life
- Biological dysfunction: breakdowns in physiological systems
DSM-5
-Describes and classifies mental disorders using specific criteria
Criticisms of DSM five
-high level of comorbidity: people often have more than one disorder at the same time
- Reliance on a categorical model: disorders are either present or absent, but most disorders better fit a dimensional model: disorders lie on a continuum (mild to severe)
- Tendency to medicalize normality: allows individual individuals to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder, following the loss of a loved one (labeling, normal behavior, like grief as pathological)
Anxiety disorders
-all involve excessive fear, anxiety, and or avoidance
Generalized anxiety disorder
-chronic excessive worry about many things for 6+ months
-symptoms: fatigue, irritability, muscle tension, sleep issues
Panic attack
Panic attack: brief episode of intense fear (racing heart, sweating, shortness of breath) feelings of impending death or going crazy
Phobias
- Intense fear of a specific object or a situation (spiders, height)
Agoraphobia
- Fear of being in places where escaping is difficult (crowds)
-Often tied to panic disorder
Panic disorder
-repeated an unexpected panic attacks along with either persistent concerns about future attacks or a change in personal behaviour in an attempt to avoid them
Posttraumatic stress disorder
-follows trauma (war or assault)
-symptoms include: flashbacks nightmares, emotional, numbing avoidance of places, or things that remind the person of the incident
-it’s not easy to diagnose because some of his symptoms. It is anxiety and difficulty sleeping may have been present before the stressful event and calmly occur in other disorders.
Obsessive compulsive disorder
-condition marked by repeated and lengthy (at least one hour per day) immersion in obsessions, compulsions or both
-Obsessions: persistent idea, or urge that is unwanted, causing marked distress (germs)
-Compulsions: repeated behaviours done to reduce anxiety (handwashing)
Major depressive episode
-mood disorder
-state in which a person experiences a lingering depressed mood or diminished interest in pleasurable activities along with symptoms that include weight loss and sleep difficulties, a key feature of major depressive disorder
Manic episode
-greatly decreased need for sleep much more talkative than usual racing thoughts, distractibility increased activity, level or agitation and excessive involvement in pressure, pleasurable activities that can cause problems like (excessive spending , reckless driving) , high energy
Bipolar disorder 1
-Condition marked by a history of at least one manic episode
Bipolar disorder two
-condition marked by at least one episode of major depression and one hypomanic episode
-Hypomanic episode: less intense and disruptive version of a manic episode: feelings of grouchiness or irritability, distractibility, and talkativeness, no major impairment
Major depressive disorder
-One or more episodes of depressive episode
Types of mood episodes
-depressive mood: deep sadness, or lack of interest or pleasure, weight/appetite changes
Manic episode: risk behaviour, more talkative, decrease need for sleep, racing thoughts
Hypomanic episode: similar to manic episode, but less severe (grouchiness, irritability, distractibility, and talkativeness
Personality disorders
-Condition in which personality traits appearing first and adolescence are in flexible, stable, express in a wide ride of situations and lead to distress or impairment
-traits don’t change easily overtime or across to our situations and show up all the time not just in specific places or with certain people
Borderline personality disorder
-condition mark for extreme instability in mood, identity and impulse control
-individuals tend to be extremely impulsive and unpredictable their interest in life, goals, frequently shift, dramatically their relationships and friendships frequently alternate from extremes of worshipping others from one day to hating them the next
Psychopathic personality
-condition marked by superficial charm, dishonesty manipulative, net self-centredness and risktaking
-overlaps with antisocial personality disorder: condition marked by a lengthy history of irresponsible and or illegal actions
-Cold and calculating, but not aggressive
Disassociative disorders
-conditions involving disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception
Disassociative amnesia
-sudden memory loss often for traumatic events (no physical cause)
Disassociative fuge
-sub type of amnesia + unexpected travel, and possible forming a new identity
Disassociative identity disorder
-2 or more distinct identities (alters)
-post traumatic model: DID results from severe childhood trauma
-Socio cognitive model: created by suggestibility and therapist influence
