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Microbiology > Chapter 15 & 16: Adaptive, Specific Immunity and Immunization > Flashcards

Chapter 15 & 16: Adaptive, Specific Immunity and Immunization Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Antigen

A

Molecule that stimulate an immune response by a T and B cells (specific lymphocytes)

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2
Q

Specificity

A

Antibodies produced, function only against the antigen that they were produced in response to

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3
Q

Memory

A

Lymphocytes are programmed to ‘recall’ their first encounter with an antigen and respond rapidly to subsequent encounters

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4
Q

Major functions of receptors are?

A
  1. To perceive and attach to non self or foreign molecules
  2. To promote the recognition of self molecules
  3. To receive and transmit chemical messages among other cells of the system
  4. To aid in cellular development
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5
Q

Receptors are found on all cells except?

A

RBSs (Red Blood Cells)

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6
Q

Class I

A

Markers that display unique characteristics of self molecules and regulation of immune reactions
-Required for T lymphocytes

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7
Q

Class II

A

Regulatory receptors found on macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells
-Involved in presenting antigen to T-cells

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8
Q

B-cell receptors

A

Bind free antigens

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9
Q

T-cell receptors

A

Bind processed antigens together with the MHC molecules on the cells that present antigens to them

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10
Q

Immunoglobulins

A

Large glycoproteins that serve as specific receptors of B cells

  • Composed of 4 polypeptide chains: 2 identical heavy chains (H), 2 identical light chains (L)
  • Y shaped arrangement
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11
Q

B-cell maturation

A

Directed by BONE marrow sites that harbor stromal cells, which nurture the lymphocyte stem cells and provide hormonal signals
-Millions “home” to specific sites in lymph nodes, spleen and GALT

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12
Q

T-cell maturation

A

Maturation is directed by the THYMUS gland and it’s hormones

-Different classes of T-cell receptors termed CD (Cluster of differentiation)

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13
Q

Cluster of differentiation (T-cell maturation)

A

CD4: T-helper cells
CD8: T-toxic killer cells

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14
Q

Epitope

A

Small molecular group that is recognized by lymphocytes, antigenic determinant

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15
Q

Haptens

A

Small foreign molecules that consist only of a determinant group
-Not antigenic unless attached to a larger carrier

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16
Q

Alloantigens

A

Cell surface markers and molecules that occur in some members of the same species but not others

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17
Q

Superantigens

A

Potent T cell simulators, provoke an overwhelming response

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18
Q

Allergen

A

Antigen that evokes allergic reactions

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19
Q

Autoantigens

A

Molecules on self tissues for which tolerance is inadequate

20
Q

Opsonization

A

Process of coating microorganisms or other particles with specific antibodies so they are more readily recognized by phagocytes

21
Q

Nuetralization

A

Abs fill the surface receptors on a virus or the active site on a microbial enzyme to prevent it from attaching

22
Q

IgG (Immunoglobulin)

A

Monomer, produced by plasma cells (primary response) and memory cells (secondary), most prevalent

23
Q

IgA (Immunoglobulin)

A

Monomer circulates in blood, dimer in mucous and serous secretions

24
Q

IgM (Immunoglobulin)

A

Five monomers, first class synthesized following Ag encounter

25
Q

IgD (Immunoglobulin)

A

Monomer, serves as a receptor for antigen on B cells

26
Q

IgE (Immunoglobulin)

A

Involved in allergic responses and parasitic worm infections

27
Q

Agglutination

A

Ab aggregation, cross-linking cells or particles into large clumps

28
Q

Complement fixation

A

Activation of the classical complement pathway can result in the specific rupturing of cells and some viruses

29
Q

Precipitation

A

Aggregation of particulate antigen

30
Q

All antibodies in the IgA class…?

A

Have identical Fc regions. (Immunoglobulin)

31
Q

T Helper cells (CD4 or TH)

A

Most prevalent type of T cell, regulates immune reaction to antigens, including other T and B cells

  • involved in activating macrophages and increasing phagocytosis
  • differentiate into T helper 1 (TH1) or T helper 2 (TH2) cells
32
Q

Cytotoxic T cells (CD8 or Tc)

A

Destroy foreign or abnormal cells by secreting preforins that lyce cells

33
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Lack specificity, circulate through the spleen, blood and lungs

34
Q

Active Immunity

A

Results when a person is challenged with antigen that stimulates production of antibodies, creates memory, takes time and is lasting

35
Q

Passive Immunity

A

Preformed antibodies are donated to an individual, does not create memory, acts immediately, and is short term
-Immune serum globulin, contains immunoglobulin extracted from pooled blood, immunotherapy

36
Q

Natural Immunity

A

Acquired as part of normal life experiences

37
Q

Artificial Immunity

A

Acquired through a medical procedure such as a vaccine

38
Q

Immunopathology

A

The study of disease states associated with under activity and over activity of immune responses:
-Allergy, hypersensitivity, autoimmunity, immunodeficiency, cancer

39
Q

Atopy

A

Any chronic local allergy such as hay fever or asthma

40
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

A systemic, often explosive reaction that involves airway obstruction and circulatory collapse
-A reaction of animals injected with a foreign protein

41
Q

Sensitizing dose

A

On first contact with allergen, specific B cells form IgE which attaches to the mast cells and basophils, generally no signs or symptoms

42
Q

Provocative dose

A

Subsequent exposure with the same allergen binds to the IgE mast cell complex
- Degranulation releases mediators with physiological effects such as vasodilation and bronchoconstricion

43
Q

Histamine

A

Most profuse and fastest acting, simulator of smooth muscle, glands, and eosinophils

44
Q

Food allergy

A

Intestinal portal can affect skin and respiratory tract

-Vomiting, diarrhea, eczema, hives, rhinitis

45
Q

Drug allergy

A

Common side effect of treatment, any tissue can be affected, reaction from mild atopy to fatal anaphylaxis

Microbiology (3 decks)

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