Chapter 15 & 16: Adaptive, Specific Immunity and Immunization Flashcards
Antigen
Molecule that stimulate an immune response by a T and B cells (specific lymphocytes)
Specificity
Antibodies produced, function only against the antigen that they were produced in response to
Memory
Lymphocytes are programmed to ‘recall’ their first encounter with an antigen and respond rapidly to subsequent encounters
Major functions of receptors are?
- To perceive and attach to non self or foreign molecules
- To promote the recognition of self molecules
- To receive and transmit chemical messages among other cells of the system
- To aid in cellular development
Receptors are found on all cells except?
RBSs (Red Blood Cells)
Class I
Markers that display unique characteristics of self molecules and regulation of immune reactions
-Required for T lymphocytes
Class II
Regulatory receptors found on macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells
-Involved in presenting antigen to T-cells
B-cell receptors
Bind free antigens
T-cell receptors
Bind processed antigens together with the MHC molecules on the cells that present antigens to them
Immunoglobulins
Large glycoproteins that serve as specific receptors of B cells
- Composed of 4 polypeptide chains: 2 identical heavy chains (H), 2 identical light chains (L)
- Y shaped arrangement
B-cell maturation
Directed by BONE marrow sites that harbor stromal cells, which nurture the lymphocyte stem cells and provide hormonal signals
-Millions “home” to specific sites in lymph nodes, spleen and GALT
T-cell maturation
Maturation is directed by the THYMUS gland and it’s hormones
-Different classes of T-cell receptors termed CD (Cluster of differentiation)
Cluster of differentiation (T-cell maturation)
CD4: T-helper cells
CD8: T-toxic killer cells
Epitope
Small molecular group that is recognized by lymphocytes, antigenic determinant
Haptens
Small foreign molecules that consist only of a determinant group
-Not antigenic unless attached to a larger carrier
Alloantigens
Cell surface markers and molecules that occur in some members of the same species but not others
Superantigens
Potent T cell simulators, provoke an overwhelming response
Allergen
Antigen that evokes allergic reactions
Autoantigens
Molecules on self tissues for which tolerance is inadequate
Opsonization
Process of coating microorganisms or other particles with specific antibodies so they are more readily recognized by phagocytes
Nuetralization
Abs fill the surface receptors on a virus or the active site on a microbial enzyme to prevent it from attaching
IgG (Immunoglobulin)
Monomer, produced by plasma cells (primary response) and memory cells (secondary), most prevalent
IgA (Immunoglobulin)
Monomer circulates in blood, dimer in mucous and serous secretions
IgM (Immunoglobulin)
Five monomers, first class synthesized following Ag encounter
IgD (Immunoglobulin)
Monomer, serves as a receptor for antigen on B cells
IgE (Immunoglobulin)
Involved in allergic responses and parasitic worm infections
Agglutination
Ab aggregation, cross-linking cells or particles into large clumps
Complement fixation
Activation of the classical complement pathway can result in the specific rupturing of cells and some viruses
Precipitation
Aggregation of particulate antigen
All antibodies in the IgA class…?
Have identical Fc regions. (Immunoglobulin)
T Helper cells (CD4 or TH)
Most prevalent type of T cell, regulates immune reaction to antigens, including other T and B cells
- involved in activating macrophages and increasing phagocytosis
- differentiate into T helper 1 (TH1) or T helper 2 (TH2) cells
Cytotoxic T cells (CD8 or Tc)
Destroy foreign or abnormal cells by secreting preforins that lyce cells
Natural killer cells
Lack specificity, circulate through the spleen, blood and lungs
Active Immunity
Results when a person is challenged with antigen that stimulates production of antibodies, creates memory, takes time and is lasting
Passive Immunity
Preformed antibodies are donated to an individual, does not create memory, acts immediately, and is short term
-Immune serum globulin, contains immunoglobulin extracted from pooled blood, immunotherapy
Natural Immunity
Acquired as part of normal life experiences
Artificial Immunity
Acquired through a medical procedure such as a vaccine
Immunopathology
The study of disease states associated with under activity and over activity of immune responses:
-Allergy, hypersensitivity, autoimmunity, immunodeficiency, cancer
Atopy
Any chronic local allergy such as hay fever or asthma
Anaphylaxis
A systemic, often explosive reaction that involves airway obstruction and circulatory collapse
-A reaction of animals injected with a foreign protein
Sensitizing dose
On first contact with allergen, specific B cells form IgE which attaches to the mast cells and basophils, generally no signs or symptoms
Provocative dose
Subsequent exposure with the same allergen binds to the IgE mast cell complex
- Degranulation releases mediators with physiological effects such as vasodilation and bronchoconstricion
Histamine
Most profuse and fastest acting, simulator of smooth muscle, glands, and eosinophils
Food allergy
Intestinal portal can affect skin and respiratory tract
-Vomiting, diarrhea, eczema, hives, rhinitis
Drug allergy
Common side effect of treatment, any tissue can be affected, reaction from mild atopy to fatal anaphylaxis
