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Microbiology > Chapter 13: Microbe-Human Interactions > Flashcards

Chapter 13: Microbe-Human Interactions Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Infection

A

A condition in which pathogenic microbes penetrate host defenses, enter tissues, and multiply

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2
Q

Pathogen

A

Infectious agent

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3
Q

Infectious Disease

A

an infection that causes damage or disruption to tissues and organs

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4
Q

Transients

A

microbes that occupy the body for only short periods of time

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5
Q

Residents

A

microbes that become established

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6
Q

Probiotics

A

introducing known microbes back into the body

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7
Q

True pathogens

A

capable of causing disease in health persons with normal immune defenses
ex: influenza virus, plague bacillus, malarial protozoan

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8
Q

Opportunistic pathogens

A

cause disease when the host’s defenses are compromised or when they grow in part of the body that is not natural to them

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9
Q

Portals of entry

A

characteristic route a microbe follows to enter the tissues of the body

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10
Q

Exogenous agents

A

originate from source outside the body

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11
Q

Endogenous agents

A

already exist on or in the body (normal flora)

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12
Q

STORCH

A

Syphilis, Toxoplasmosis, Other diseases (hepatitis B, AIDS and chlamydia), Rubella, Cytomegalovirus and Herpes simplex virus

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13
Q

Adhesion

A

microbes gain a stable foothold at the portal of entry; dependent on binding between specific molecules on host and pathogen

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14
Q

Antiphagocytic factors

A

used to avoid phagocytics

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15
Q

Slime layer or capsule

A

makes phagocytosis difficult

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16
Q

Virulence factors

A

traits used to invade and establish themselves in the host, also determine the degree of tissue damage that occurs- severity of disease

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17
Q

Exoenzymes

A

dissolve extracellular barriers and penetrate through or between cells

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18
Q

Toxigenicity

A

capacity to produce toxins at the site of multiplication

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19
Q

Endotoxin

A

toxin that is NOT secreted but is released after the cell is damaged

composed of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), part of the outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls

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20
Q

Exotoxin

A

toxin molecule secreted by a living bacterial cell into the infected tissue with a strong specificity for a target cell

Hemolysins

A-B toxins (A-active, B-binding)

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21
Q

Incubation period (1st stage)

A

time from initial contact with the infectious agent to the appearance of first symptoms; agent is multiplying but damage is insufficient to cause symptoms; several hours to several years

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22
Q

Prodromal stage (2nd stage)

A

vague feelings of discomfort; nonspecific complaints

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23
Q

Period of invasion (3rd stage)

A

multiplies at high levels, becomes well-established; more specific signs and symptoms

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24
Q

Convalescent period (4th stage)

A

as person begins to respond to the infection, symptoms decline

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25
Q

Localized infection

A

microbes enter the body and remains confined to a specific tissue

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26
Q

Systemic infection

A

infection spreads to several site and tissue fluids usually in the bloodstream

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27
Q

Focal infection

A

when infectious agent breaks loose from a local infection and is carried to other tissues

28
Q

Mixed infection

A

several microbes grow simultaneously (polymicrobial)

29
Q

Primary infection

A

initial infection

30
Q

Secondary infection

A

another infection by a different microbe

31
Q

Acute infection

A

comes on rapidly, with severe but short-lived effects

32
Q

Chronic infections

A

progress and persist over a long period of time

33
Q

Signs of inflammation - Edema

A

accumulation of fluid

34
Q

Signs of inflammation - Granulomas/abscesses

A

walled-off collections of inflammatory cells and microbes

35
Q

Signs of inflammation - Lymphadenitis

A

swollen lymph nodes

36
Q

Leuikocytosis

A

increase in white blood cells

37
Q

Leukopenia

A

decrease in white blood cells

38
Q

Septicemia

A

microorganisms are multiplying in the blood and present in large numbers

39
Q

Septicemia - Bacteremia

A

small numbers of bacteria present in blood not necessarily multiplying

40
Q

Septicemia - Viremia

A

small number of viruses present not necessarily multiplying

41
Q

Asymptomatic (subclinical) infections

A

although infected, the host doesn’t show any signs of disease

42
Q

Latency

A

after the initial symptoms in certain chronic diseases, the microbe can periodically become active and produce a recurrent disease; person may or may not shed it during the latent stage

43
Q

Chronic carrier

A

person with a latent infection who sheds the infectious agent

44
Q

Sequelae

A

long-term or permanent damage to tissues or organs

45
Q

Reserovoir

A

primary habitat of pathogen in the natural world

ex: human or animal carrier, soil, water, plants

46
Q

Source

A

individual or object from which an infection is actually acquired

47
Q

Carrier

A

an individual who inconspicuously shelters a pathogen and spreads it to others; may or may not have experienced disease due to the microbe

48
Q

Asymptomatic carrier

A

shows no symptoms

49
Q

Passive carrier

A

contaminated healthcare provider picks up pathogens and transfers them to other patients

50
Q

Asymptomatic carrier - Incubation carriers

A

spread the infectious agent during the incubation period

51
Q

Asymptomatic carrier - Convalescent carriers

A

recuperating without symptoms

52
Q

Asymptomatic carrier - Chronic carrier

A

individual who shelters the infectious agent for a long period

53
Q

Communicable disease

A

when an infected host can transmit the infectious agent to another host and establish infection in that host (contagious)

54
Q

Non-communicable disease

A

infectious disease that does NOT arise through transmission from host to host

occurs primarily when a compromised person is invaded by his or her own normal microflora

Contact with organism in natural, non-living reservoir

55
Q

Direct contact

A

physical contact or fine aerosol droplets

56
Q

Indirect contact

A

passes from infected host to intermediate conveyor and then to another host

57
Q

Indirect contact - Vehicle

A

inanimate material, food, water, biological products, fomites

58
Q

Prevalence

A

total number of existing cases with respect to the entire population usually represented by a percentage of the population

59
Q

Incidence

A

measures the number of new cases over a certain time period, as compared with the general healthy population

60
Q

Mortality rate

A

the total number of deaths in a population due to a certain disease

61
Q

Morbidity rate

A

number of people afflicted with a certain disease

62
Q

Endemic

A

disease that exhibits a relatively steady frequency over a long period of time in a particular geographic locale

63
Q

Sporadic

A

when occasional cases are reported at irregular intervals

64
Q

Epidemic

A

when prevalence of a disease is increasing beyond what is expected

65
Q

Pandemic

A

epidemic across continents

Microbiology (3 decks)

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