Chapter 15

Question 1

Adaptive Hypothesis (sleep)

Answer 1

amount of sleep and animal gets is dependant on the availability of food and safety

Question 2

endogenous rhythms

Answer 2

within (even without environmental cues we have a 24hr schedule)

Question 3

Suprachismatic nucleus (SCN)

Answer 3

region of hypothalamus, acts as main biological clock

Question 4

zeitgebers

Answer 4

detect light

Question 5

melatonin

Answer 5

hormone that induces sleep

Question 6

melatonin control

Answer 6

SCN

Question 7

sleep regulation

Answer 7

SCN regulates sleep, signals pineal gland o release melatonin

Question 8

ultradian rhythms

Answer 8

rhythms less then a day in length

Question 9

ultradian rhythm examples

Answer 9

hormone production, unrine

Question 10

low amp

Answer 10

beta waves (alert)

Question 11

moderate amp

Answer 11

alpha waves (drowsy)

Question 12

Stage 1 (sleep)

Answer 12

transition to light sleep (10) (jerks and images)

Question 13

stage 2

Answer 13

deeper sleep (10-25), medium sleep, eye movement stop, (heart rate slows, Brian waves decelerate, body temp decreases, muscle relax)

Question 14

stage 3 and 4

Answer 14

slow wave sleep (30) deep sleep (Delta waves, feeling rested)

Question 15

Stage 5

Answer 15

REM sleep (25-60) paralyzed muscles, vivid dreams

Question 16

stage 1 waves

Answer 16

alpha/beta waves to theyta waves

Question 17

stage 2 waves

Answer 17

sleep spindles (1-2 sec. rapid Brian activity), K-complexes (neural excitation then neural inhibition)

Question 18

stage 3 and 4 waves

Answer 18

Delta waves

Question 19

stage 5 waves

Answer 19

no term looks like beta

Question 20

Hypothesis 1 (sleep)

Answer 20

sleep evolved to conserve organisms energy

Question 21

Hypothesis 2 (sleep)

Answer 21

immobilization durning sleep is adaptive because it reduces danger

Question 22

hypothesis 3 (sleep)

Answer 22

sleep helps animals to restore energy and other bodily resources

Question 23

functions of slow wave sleep

Answer 23

restoration of Brian, if deprived cognitive deficits occur

Question 24

functions of REM sleep

Answer 24

forms new memory and skill, consolidates

Question 25

Brianstem arousal centre

Answer 25

send activating signals to higher levels of the brain

Question 26

Pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental (PPT/LDT)

Answer 26

fire most rapidly during wakefulness and REM sleep (slowly during non REM sleep)

Question 27

ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO)

Answer 27

of the hypothalamus (promotes non REM sleep, fast fire during stages 3 and 4, moderate during 2

Question 28

parafacial zone

Answer 28

medulla (non rem sleep control)

Question 29

PGO waves

Answer 29

high-voltage brain waves that travel from the pons (hindbrain) through the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus to the occipital area (80 sec before REM)

Question 30

sublaterdorsal nucleus (SLD)

Answer 30

governs switching in and out of REM sleep (in pons)

Question 31

insomina

Answer 31

inhablity to sleep or to obrian adequate-quality sleep to so that the person feels rested

Question 32

sleep walking

Answer 32

walking or other behaviours while still mostly asleep

Question 33

sleepwalking triggers

Answer 33

alcohol, stress, seep deprivation

Question 34

insomina causes

Answer 34

stress, screen time, withdrawal (benzodiazaphine), combidity (w/ other mental illness

Question 35

Narcolepsy

Answer 35

individuals fall asleep suddenly durning the daytime and go directly into REM (not enough orexin) (body stays up right)

Question 36

Cataplexy

Answer 36

sudden experience o one compnenet of REm sleep (antoia) and falls to the floor paralyzed but fully awake)

Question 37

REM sleep Behavior disorder

Answer 37

individuals are uncharacteristically active during rem sleep (injuring themselves or partners)

Question 38

consciousness

Answer 38

awarness, short-term memory, sense of self, spectrum

Question 39

Consciousness network

Answer 39

no single structure, central lateral thalamius and anterior insular cortex (AIC) appear to be involved. salience network, central executive network

Question 40

salience network

Answer 40

group of brain region that detects significant stimuli that require attention (includes AIC, and anterior cingulate cortex)

Question 41

central executive network

Answer 41

group of brain regions that control attention and working memory

Question 42

awareness (aware of world)

Answer 42

lateral prefontoal cortex and posterior partietal cortex become active

Question 43

awareness (unaware of world - not consciously aware)

Answer 43

only visual cortex active

Question 44

attention

Answer 44

the brains means of allocating limited resources by foucising on some neural inputs to the exclusion of others

Question 45

dorsal attention network

Answer 45

goal-directed attention (what do I want to pay attention to)

Question 46

ventral attention network

Answer 46

stimulus demands (involuntary switch because of environmental needs)

Question 47

agency

Answer 47

attribution of an action or effect to ourselves rather than an external force

Question 48

Dissociative identity disorder

Answer 48

involves shift in consciences and behaviour that appear to be distinct personalities or self's