Chapter 14

Question 1

incidence

Answer 1

number of individuals that develop conditions (over period of time)

Question 2

prevalence

Answer 2

total count of people with a condition at a specific point in time

Question 3

schizophrenia

Answer 3

psychosis, disturbances of reality, orientation and thinking

Question 4

schizophrenia positive symptoms

Answer 4

delusions, hallucinations, thought disorders, movement disorders

Question 5

schizophrenia negative symptoms

Answer 5

avolition/apathy (lack of initiative to accomplish tasks), alogia (inhbility to speak), anhedonia flattening (lackig full range of emotional expression), asocialtiy (lack of motivation to socizlize)

Question 6

dopamine hypothesis

Answer 6

idea it involves to much dopamine activity in brain

Question 7

aberrant salience hypothesis

Answer 7

heightened levels of dopamine increase attention and motivation circuits to make ordinary environmental factors seem significant

Question 8

dopamine deficiency

Answer 8

dopaminergic drugs are ineffective

Question 9

Glutamate theory

Answer 9

loss of NDA receptors causes increase in glutamate receptors Witch in turn increases dopamine (glutamate causes negative, dopamine causes positive)

Question 9

tardive dyskinesia

Answer 9

tremors and involuntary movements due to ling-term blocking of dopamine receptors

Question 9

hypofrontality

Answer 9

decrease in activity in frontal lobe

Question 10

affecitve disorders

Answer 10

mood disorders

Question 11

mania

Answer 11

excess energy and confidence

Question 11

depressive disorders

Answer 11

intense sadness and loss of interest

Question 12

bipolar disorders

Answer 12

alternate between depression and mania

Question 13

reactive depression (depressive disorders)

Answer 13

occasional intense sadness in response to life’s challenges

Question 13

major depressive disorders (depressive disorders)

Answer 13

intense sadness for long periods of time

Question 14

mania symptoms

Answer 14

inflative self-esteem, decreased sleep, talkativeness, racing thoughts, easily distracted, increased goal-directed activities, agitation, involvement in risk activity

Question 15

Bipolar 1

Answer 15

alternate between periods of depression and full-blown mania (delusions, hallucinations, paranoia, bizarre behavior

Question 16

Bipolar 2

Answer 16

alternate between periods of depression and hypomania (mania at 50%)

Question 17

bipolar disorder treatments

Answer 17

second-generation antipsychotics (target glutamate), lithium (normaozes both extremes), carbamazephine and valproate (targets mania)

Question 18

Electroconvulsion therapy

Answer 18

‘resets’ the brain

Question 19

circadian rhythms

Answer 19

daily body rhythms

Question 20

seasonal affecitve disorders

Answer 20

depression rises and falls with the seasons

Question 21

amygdala and ventral prefrontal cortex (role in depression) (neurological anomalies)

Answer 21

ventral prefrontal cortex decides if it's depression or mania (on depression off mania)

Question 22

bipolar disorder (neurological anomalies)

Answer 22

decreased thickness and gial density in anterior cingulate cortex and neural density in amygdala, + Brian metabolism in manic episodes

Question 23

generalized anxiety

Answer 23

feelings of stress and unease most of the time

Question 24

panic disorder

Answer 24

sudden anxiety attacks

Question 25

phobia

Answer 25

fear when confronted with specific thing

Question 26

PTSD

Answer 26

reoccurring thoughts/images, avoiding event reminders, feelings of emptiness, lack in concentration, overactive to environment

Question 27

Anomalies in Brian function (PTSD, phobia, anxiety, panic disorders)

Answer 27

hyperrespoive amyglada, anterior cingulate cortex is hyperacitve (anxiety, panic, phobias), insular cortex ovelry responsive (phobia and PTSD)

Question 28

Personality disorders

Answer 28

distrust and suspicion, unstable social relationships, problems with control and attention, emotional dysfunction

Question 29

OCD

Answer 29

obsessive (uncontrollable thought) , compulsion (ritualistic behaviour to remove anxiety)

Question 30

Over grooming (OCD related disorders)

Answer 30

nail biting, hair pulling, skin picking

Question 31

Tourette Syndrome

Answer 31

individuals produce a variety of motor and sounds (tics)

Question 32

Borderline personality disorder

Answer 32

unstable interpersonal relationships, poor self-image, impulsivity, intense fear of abandonment and rejection, strong desire to be loved, rapid vacillation between feeling of love and hate, risky behaviours such as gambling and speeding, high risk suicide