Chapter 14 Flashcards
incidence
number of individuals that develop conditions (over period of time)
prevalence
total count of people with a condition at a specific point in time
schizophrenia
psychosis, disturbances of reality, orientation and thinking
schizophrenia positive symptoms
delusions, hallucinations, thought disorders, movement disorders
schizophrenia negative symptoms
avolition/apathy (lack of initiative to accomplish tasks), alogia (inhbility to speak), anhedonia flattening (lackig full range of emotional expression), asocialtiy (lack of motivation to socizlize)
dopamine hypothesis
idea it involves to much dopamine activity in brain
aberrant salience hypothesis
heightened levels of dopamine increase attention and motivation circuits to make ordinary environmental factors seem significant
dopamine deficiency
dopaminergic drugs are ineffective
Glutamate theory
loss of NDA receptors causes increase in glutamate receptors Witch in turn increases dopamine (glutamate causes negative, dopamine causes positive)
tardive dyskinesia
tremors and involuntary movements due to ling-term blocking of dopamine receptors
hypofrontality
decrease in activity in frontal lobe
affecitve disorders
mood disorders
mania
excess energy and confidence
depressive disorders
intense sadness and loss of interest
bipolar disorders
alternate between depression and mania
reactive depression (depressive disorders)
occasional intense sadness in response to life’s challenges
major depressive disorders (depressive disorders)
intense sadness for long periods of time
mania symptoms
inflative self-esteem, decreased sleep, talkativeness, racing thoughts, easily distracted, increased goal-directed activities, agitation, involvement in risk activity
Bipolar 1
alternate between periods of depression and full-blown mania (delusions, hallucinations, paranoia, bizarre behavior
Bipolar 2
alternate between periods of depression and hypomania (mania at 50%)
bipolar disorder treatments
second-generation antipsychotics (target glutamate), lithium (normaozes both extremes), carbamazephine and valproate (targets mania)
Electroconvulsion therapy
‘resets’ the brain
circadian rhythms
daily body rhythms
seasonal affecitve disorders
depression rises and falls with the seasons
amygdala and ventral prefrontal cortex (role in depression) (neurological anomalies)
ventral prefrontal cortex decides if it’s depression or mania (on depression off mania)
bipolar disorder (neurological anomalies)
decreased thickness and gial density in anterior cingulate cortex and neural density in amygdala, + Brian metabolism in manic episodes
generalized anxiety
feelings of stress and unease most of the time
panic disorder
sudden anxiety attacks
phobia
fear when confronted with specific thing
PTSD
reoccurring thoughts/images, avoiding event reminders, feelings of emptiness, lack in concentration, overactive to environment
Anomalies in Brian function (PTSD, phobia, anxiety, panic disorders)
hyperrespoive amyglada, anterior cingulate cortex is hyperacitve (anxiety, panic, phobias), insular cortex ovelry responsive (phobia and PTSD)
Personality disorders
distrust and suspicion, unstable social relationships, problems with control and attention, emotional dysfunction
OCD
obsessive (uncontrollable thought) , compulsion (ritualistic behaviour to remove anxiety)
Over grooming (OCD related disorders)
nail biting, hair pulling, skin picking
Tourette Syndrome
individuals produce a variety of motor and sounds (tics)
Borderline personality disorder
unstable interpersonal relationships, poor self-image, impulsivity, intense fear of abandonment and rejection, strong desire to be loved, rapid vacillation between feeling of love and hate, risky behaviours such as gambling and speeding, high risk suicide
