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Psych 275 - Final > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

Proprioception

A

Sense movement, action, location

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2
Q

Skin senses (what do they sense)

A

Body surface conditions

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3
Q

Vestibular system

A

Body position, movement

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4
Q

Interoceptive system

A

Sense state of internal organs

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5
Q

Skin sense uses

A

Touch, warmth, cold, pain, texture

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6
Q

Free nerve endings

A

End of neuronal dendrites (warmth, cold, pain)

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7
Q

Encapsulated receptors

A

Complex structures enclosed in memb. (Touch)

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8
Q

Messiner’s corpuscle (encapsulated)

A

Breif Burst of impulses (close to surface, pressure and detail)

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9
Q

Merkel’s disks (encapsulated)

A

Sustained response (close to surface, pressure and detail)

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10
Q

Pacinian corpuscles (encapsulated)

A

Deeper skin layer, stretch of skin, shape, grasping

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11
Q

Ruffini ending (encapsulated)

A

Deeper skin layer, stretch of skin, shape, grasping

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12
Q

temperature receptors (free nerve endings)

A

members of the transient receptor potential family of protein ion channels

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13
Q

pain receptors (free never endings)

A

3 distinct types (thermal, chemical, mechanical)

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14
Q

vestibular sense uses

A

maintain balance, head and movement info (mostly controlled by parts of the ear)

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15
Q

semi circular canals

A

fluid moves within canals to tell you where you are in relation to gravity,

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16
Q

saccule and utricle

A

semicirclar canals come off them, hair cell at bottom of utricle (bends to detect movement), both have hair cells with geltaus material on them

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17
Q

balance info pathway

A

same nerve as hearing, they travel together, info goes to somatosensory cortex and other balance involved areas (cerebellum)

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18
Q

dermatome

A

areas of skin on your body that rely on specific nerve connections on your spine

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19
Q

body sense info pathway

A

enters the spinal cord (via spinal nerves) or brain (via cranial nerves), crosses , mid-line in the medulla, head to thalamus

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20
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

projection area for body sense neurons

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21
Q

somatosensory cortex location

A

parietal lobes, behind the primary motor cortex and central sulcus

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22
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A

fours parts, processes sensory info from body

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23
Q

somatotopic map

A

representation of the body in the somatosensory cortex with adjacent body parts represented in adjacent parts of the cortex (weird Brian human thing)

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24
Q

somatosensory cortex pathway

A

some info is extracted and then passed from thalamus to 2 subareas, process info (good, bad?) then pass to the secondary somatosensory cortex (put together and integrated)

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25
Q

secondary somatosensory cortex

A

integrates info from both sides of the body (send info to hippocampus to either identify what it is or make new memories of it

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26
Q

posterior parietal cortex

A

association area brings together the body senses (vision, and audition)

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27
Q

body integrity identity disorder

A

condition where people are convinced a limb is not there’s

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28
Q

out-of-body experience

A

individual hallucinates seeing their Boyd form another relocation

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29
Q

detecting pain

A

beings when free nerve endings are stimulated (intense pressure, mechanical chemical)

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30
Q

inflammatory soup

A

made up of many molecules that cause different inflammatory responses in response to pain

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31
Q

fast pain pathway

A

registers localized pain, relays to the cortex in a fraction of a second

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32
Q

pain pathway

A

immediately crosses over (NOT at the medulla)

32
Q

slow pain pathway

A

conveys less localized pain, longer-lasting (aching or burning)

33
Q

Glutamate

A

glutamate (mild pain) and sub. P (intense pain) released in spinal cord and enhance sensitivity

33
Q

Substance P

A

increases pain sensitivity

34
Q

opiates

A

act on opiate receptor, intense pain, very addictive

35
Q

acetaminophen

A

Tylenol, good, not strong

36
Q

COX-2 inhibitor

A

decreases inflammation

37
Q

Anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)

A

decreases swelling + inflammatory response, decrease sub. P production

38
Q

endorphins

A

neurochemicals that function as a neurotransmitters and hormones (only in extreme conditions) (acts on opiate receptors)

39
Q

Gate control theory

A

pressure signals arrive in brain, triggers inhibitory message then goes back down the spinal cord, thus closing neural gate in pain pathway

40
Q

Periquaductal Gray (PAG)

A

Brian stem structure surrounding the cerebral ventricles, it has a large number of endorphin synapses

41
Q

descending pain inhibition circuit

A

gate control theory, pariquaductal Gray, and endorphins release inhibits sub. P close pain gate in spinal cord

42
Q

congential analgesia

A

insensitivity to pain

43
Q

chronic pain

A

pain that lasts after healing occurs

44
Q

nervous system change in chronic pain

A

pain pathway becomes more sensitive, inhibitory mechanism depressed

45
Q

Brian change in chronic pain

A
  • brain stem pathways more responsive
  • Gray matter lost
46
Q

Phantom Pain

A

pain experienced in a missing limb (cortical areas still devoted to missing body parts, possibly due to foregin neurons intruding on somatosensory area for severed body parts)

47
Q

skeletal muscles

A

move body and limbs, can fatigue if overused (any muscle attached to bone)

48
Q

smooth muscle

A

produce rhythmic contractions in there internal organs (food digesting, constricting blood vessels , voiding the bladder

49
Q

Cardiac muscles

A

non-fatiguing muscles in heart

50
Q

muscle tissue

A

made individual cells

51
Q

muscle cells

A

controlled by motor neurons (neurons that chem out of spinal cord) that synapse with a muscle cells at the neuromuscular junction

52
Q

Myosin (Muscle fiber)

A

motor protein, play role in muscle contraction

53
Q

Acting Filaments (muscle fiber)

A

linear polymers of globular acting (G) subunits

54
Q

antagonistic muscles

A

produce opposite movements at a joint
- bicep decrease arm angle, triceps increase arm angle (smooth movement, precious stopping, minimal tremor)

55
Q

muscle spindles

A

stretch receptors in the muscle (are we over extending?)

56
Q

golgi tendon organs

A

tension receptors near the muscles (help adjust change in tension of muscle

57
Q

Central Patterns generators (CPGs)

A

neronal network that produces a rhythmic pattern of motor activity ( you initiate walking, but once done you stop thinking about it) (found in spinal cord) (chicken no head = keeps walking)

58
Q

Motor cortex parts

A

Primary motor cortex, supplementary motor area, premotor cortex (in frontal lobe)

59
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

plans action with regard to consequences, integrates sensory info with body info

60
Q

premotor cortex (secondary motor area)

A

beings programming movement

61
Q

supplementary motor area (secondary motor area)

A

assembles sequence of movements (good for piano playing)

62
Q

primary motor cortex

A

execution of voluntary movements

63
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

integrate and smooth movements (helps us not walk wonky, helps learn how to ride bike)

64
Q

Cerebellum

A

uses info from motor cortex to determine the order and timing of muscle contraction, uses info from vestibular system to maintain posture and balance, refine movement, control eye movement that compensate head movement, returns proceed info to primary motor cortex

65
Q

Parkinsons disease symptoms

A

motor tremors, rigidity, loss off balance, and coordination, and difficulty moving, (initiating movements)

65
Q

parkinson’s cause

A

substantia nigra deterioration, lewy bodies accumulate

66
Q

parkinson’s what is it

A

loss in dopamine being sent it cortex

67
Q

parkinson’s treatments

A

Levodopa (L-dopa), stem cells, lesions

68
Q

Huntington’s diseases what is it

A

degenerative disorder of the motor system involving cell loss

69
Q

Huntington’s diseases symptoms

A

cognitive and emotional deficits, motor symptoms

70
Q

Huntington cause

A

mutated gene

71
Q

Huntington’s treatments

A

antidepressants (dopamine reduction)

72
Q

myasthenia gravis (MG) what is it

A

muscular weakness caused by reduced sensitivity of acetylcholine receptors

73
Q

Myasthenia gravis (MG) treatment

A

drugs inhibit action of acetylcholinesterase (enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine), thymectomy

74
Q

Multiple scelrosis (MS)

A

motor disorder, caused by demyelination and neuron loss in CNS

75
Q

multiple scelrosis treatments (MS)

A

some drugs help symptoms, none reverse

Psych 275 - Final (3 decks)

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