Chapter 15 Flashcards
what % receive psychotherapy at some point?
20%
how many North Americans per year re- ceive psychotherapy?
20 million
who are the most common providers of treatment?
psychologists and psychiatrists
Determinants of psychotherapists
-warm and direct
-establish working relationships
-select important topics
-match treatment to client’s needs
three essential features of all therapies
- sufferer who seeks help
- a trained, socially accepted healer
- a series of contacts with the goal of changing attitudes. emotional states, or behaviors
free association (psychoanalysis)
patients express themselves without censorship
dream interpretation (psychoanalysis)
dreams express unconscious feelings, the therapist can interpret these
manifest content
consciously remembered dream
latent content
symbolic meaning of dream
resistance
ttempts to avoid confrontation associat- ed with uncovering repressed thoughts, emotions, and impulses
Transference
projecting intense, unrealistic feelings and expectations from the past onto the therapist
Amplification
expand on dream associations
prognostic dreams
dreams that foretell the future
strengths of psychodynamic therapies
-demonstrate the value of systemically applying both therapy and techniques to treatment
-suggest the potential of psychological instead of biological treatment
-their ideas have served as a starting point for many other psychological treatments
Criticism of psychodynamic therapies
effectiveness not supported by research
humanists
we are all born with the tools to fulfill our potential
existentialists
accept responsibility for our lives and choices
What was the goal of Roger’s Client-Centered Therapy?
to create an environment in which clients can see themselves honestly with ac- ceptance
client-centered therapy
supportive environment for clients to feel accepted and to accept self
unconditional positive regard
total acceptance of client
accurate empathy
skillful listening
genuineness
sincere communication
Strengths of humanistic therapies
-appealing to clinicians
-emphasize positive human qualities
criticisms of humanistic therapies
-difficult to research and little research has been done
-partially supported by research
individual therapy
one on one with therapist and client
group therapy
therapists meet with several clients with similar problems simutaneously
self-help groups
people with similar problems meet for support without guidance from clinician
guidance
information and advice from members
identification
models of appropriate behavior
Cohesiveness
solidarity where risks can be taken and accepting of criticism
universality
others have similar problems
altruism
developing feelings of self worth
Family therapy
whole family meets with therapist, who considers family interactions
Family Systems Theory
each family has own rules, structure, and communication patterns that shape be- havior
couple therapy
Two people in a relationship meet togeth- er with therapist to consider relationship structure and communication
What is the goal of behavioral therapies
to discover specific problem-causing behaviors and replace them with healthy behaviors
what is behavioral therapy often effective with?
phobias and anxiety issues
response prevention
critical that therapists prevent patients from performing avoidance behav
token economy
desirable behaviors are rewarded with tokens that patients can exchange for tangible rewards
modelling techniques
Therapists exhibit appropriate behaviors so client can imitate, rehearse, and in- corporate the behaviors into their lives
social skills training
therapists discuss social deficits and role play social situations with the client
what are behavioral therapy successful for
widely studied in research and strongly supported
-effective for numerous problems, includ- ing specific fears, social deficits, and in- tellectual disabilities
Criticisms of behavioural therapies
-changes sometimes require later thera- pies to sustain
-not effective with disorders in which dis- tress is non-specific, such as general- ized anxiety disorder
Cognitive-behavioral model
behavioral therapies are usually used along with cognitive therapies
cognitive views of abnormal behavior
disorders are caused or worsened by maladaptive thinking
what are the three kinds of cognitive-be- havioral therapies?
- Ellis’ rational-emotive behavioral ther- apy
- Beck’s cognitive therapy
- second-wave cognitive-behavioral therapies
Ellis’ Rational-Emotive Therapy
goal is to identify irrational assumptions that lead to negative emotional and behavioral responses
Beck’s Cognitive Therapy
identifying and modifying distorted thinking and negative core beliefs
what is Beck’s Cognitive therapy widely used for?
depression
about as effective as drug therapy for depression (2/3 improve)
also used for panic and social anxiety disorder
Second-wave cognitive-behavioural therapies
recognize problematic thoughts as just thoughts; clients accept thoughts rather than try to eliminate them
Psychopharmacotherapy (drug therapy)
The treatment of mental disorders with medication.
therapeutic drugs fall into four main catergories:
- Antianxiety drugs
- Antipsychotic drugs
- Antidepressant drugs
- Mood stabilizers
Benzodiazepines
Valium and Xanax
fast relief
increases GABA = calming effect
when was the accidental discovery of antipsychotic drugs?
1950s
positive symptoms of schizophrenia re- sult form what?
overactivity of the dopamine pathway
Antidepressants
Fluoxetine, Sertraline, and Paroxetine block reabsorption of serotonin from the synapse
Side effects of antidepressants
weight gain, sleep problems, sexual dys- function
mood stabilizers
treat shifts in mood between depression and maniac in bipolar disorder
Lithium
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
used to treat depression by sending an electrical current through the brain, pro- ducing a brain seizure
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain to improve symptoms of depression
how does TMS work?
he electromagnetic coil is placed on the patient’s head and sends current into the prefrontal cortex
Harmful therapies(4)
-spontaneous remission
-placebo effect
-self-serving bias
-regression to the mean -retrospective rewriting of the past
