Chapter 15

Question 1

Successful organizations monitor their environments because they ______.

Answer 1

are open systems that adapt to survive

Question 2

The model of organizational change that helps change agents diagnose the forces that drive and restrain proposed change is ______.

Answer 2

Lewin’s force field analysis model

Question 3

According to Lewin’s force field analysis model, ___ forces attempt to maintain the status quo and block the change process.

Answer 3

restraining

Question 4

Employees may resist change by engaging in behaviors that include ______.

Answer 4

work stoppages

griping to customers about the changes

performing tasks the old way when unnoticed

Question 5

Sally thinks the new software package the company wants to use will be very difficult to learn because she has limited experience with computers. Which of the reasons for resisting change applies to this situation?

Answer 5

Inadequate skills and knowledge

Question 6

6 reasons why people resist change

Answer 6

1. negative valance of change
2. Fear of the unknown
3. not invented here syndrome
4. breaking routines
5. incongruent team dynamics
6. incongruent org systems and structures

Question 7

Negative Valence of change

Answer 7

new situation will have more negative than positive outcomes.
pple apply the rational choice decision-making model
cost-benefit analysis

Question 8

Fear of the unknown

Answer 8

people tend to assume the worse with change.

lack of personal control

Question 9

not invented here syndrome

Answer 9

people not liking the idea created else where (other companies or departments)

Question 10

breaking routines

Answer 10

people are creatures of habit and tend to revert back to their old ways.
*Unless new patterns are supported and reinforced

Question 11

Incongruent team dynamics

Answer 11

teams develop and enforce conformity

Question 12

Incongruent Org System

Answer 12

failing to overcome structure confines of the past (pay, career path, changes)

Question 13

When employees believe that change will reduce their status and pay or create poorer working conditions, which of the following likely will occur?

Answer 13

Resistance to change will be stronger.

Question 14

True or false: Organizations must adapt to environmental changes in order to survive.

Answer 14

True. Reason: Organizations are open systems that must be compatible with their environments.

Question 15

A primary barrier to productivity in many cultures surveyed is ______.

Answer 15

resistance to change

Question 16

Reasons that employees resist change include ______.

Answer 16

misperceptions of their roles and the needed change

lack of motivation to change

inability to change due to lack of skills and knowledge

Question 17

Why employees resist change

Answer 17

Employees typically oppose change lack of motivation, ability, role clarity, situational support to change attitudes, decisions, and behavior

Question 18

Employees determine whether a proposed change will make them personally better or worse off by ______.

Answer 18

applying a cost-benefit analysis

Question 19

Alistair isn’t sure how the announced changes will affect him. He is uncertain whether his work group will change, whether he will have to move, and or if his pay will be reduced. The most likely reason Alistair is resisting the change is ______.

Answer 19

fear of the unknown

Question 20

TSKCO has hired a consultant to select new software for the accounting department. The accounting department employees believe they had the information needed and should have chosen it themselves. They are resisting the change because they ______.

Answer 20

feel that their self-worth is threatened

Question 21

A reason that workers may resist change is that they prefer ______.

Answer 21

remaining in their comfort zones

Question 22

A company has changed to a team-based structure and is now changing the reward system to one that rewards team members equally for reaching productivity goals. This is an example of ______.

Answer 22

aligning the system to support desired behaviors

Question 23

Employees fear the unknown and resist change because all change includes some degree of ______ that creates risk.

Answer 23

uncertainty

Question 24

The reason employees resist change when it diminishes their self-worth is referred to as the ______ syndrome.

Answer 24

not-invented-here

Question 25

According to the force field analysis model, the best strategy to effectively create change is to ______.

Answer 25

reduce the restraining forces and increase the driving forces

Question 26

Andrea likes the old way of doing things and doesn't want to change. "We've been doing it this way since I started with the company, and you just can't teach an old dog new tricks" she asserts. Which of the following best describes Andrea's resistance to change?

Answer 26

Breaking routines

Question 27

To support the desired changes, an organization's systems and structures ______.

Answer 27

must support the desired behaviors

Question 28

According to Lewin, informing employees about innovation by competitors, changing consumer trends, and new regulations are all factors of the external environment that ______.

Answer 28

create an urgency to change

Question 29

Customers provide a human element that can create ______ for change.

Answer 29

driving forces

Question 30

According to Lewin's model, ______ forces must be reduced in order for change to occur.

Answer 30

restraining

Question 31

The problem with weakening or removing the forces restraining change is it ___.

Answer 31

provides no motivation to adopt the change

Question 32

The greatest priority and primary strategy for any organizational change is to ______.

Answer 32

communicate the reasons for change

Question 33

The strategy for minimizing resistance to change that teaches employees the skills they will need is ______.

Answer 33

learning

Question 34

Which of these are ways that leaders develop an urgency for change under Lewin's force field analysis model?

Answer 34

Informing employees about pending government regulations Reminding employees about changing consumer trends Keeping employees up-to-date about competitors

Question 35

True or false: Dissatisfied customers create a powerful driving force for change because the organization can't survive without satisfied customers.

Answer 35

True. Reason: Dissatisfied customers won't buy the company's products and the organization won't survive.

Question 36

Employee involvement in the decision to change reduces resistance by ______.

Answer 36

creating a sense of ownership for the decisions

Question 37

To succeed in implementing change successfully, change agents must ______.

Answer 37

reduce the restraining forces

Question 38

Communication can reduce the restraining forces against change by ______.

Answer 38

informing employees of specific external threats explaining the future and the need for change

Question 39

Which of the following minimizes resistance by removing some of the negative valence and fear of the unknown about the change process?

Answer 39

Stress management

Question 40

Teaching employees new knowledge and skills needed for the organization's proposed change ______.

Answer 40

helps employees perform better after the change increases readiness and commitment to change

Question 41

Ted has been vocal in his objections to the current organizational change, and management has offered him an opportunity to transfer to another division where he will not be affected by the change. Which strategy for minimizing resistance to change does this describe?

Answer 41

Negotiation

Question 42

Employees who participate in the decisions about a change ______.

Answer 42

feel a sense of ownership will have reduced fear of the unknown

Question 43

"Go along or get out" would best describe which strategy for minimizing resistance to change?

Answer 43

Coercion

Question 44

Which of the following can encourage refreezing new behaviors among employees?

Answer 44

Changing physical structures to support the employees Changing reward systems to support the employees

Question 45

Tanya believes she will lose a lot of the overtime she has been earning on the assembly line if the new cellular work groups are introduced. The most likely reason she is resisting the change is ______.

Answer 45

there will be a direct loss to her

Question 46

How do organizational managers view negotiation as a tactic for reducing resistance to change?

Answer 46

Useful but not necessarily effective for the long term

Question 47

Transformational leadership ______.

Answer 47

links an individual's values and the change presents a clear vision of the future

Question 48

The least desirable way to get employees to accept change is ______.

Answer 48

coercion

Question 49

Guiding coalitions for organizational change ______.

Answer 49

involve people with the same level of commitment to enacting change might be the greatest factor in the achievement of organizational change programs involve employees from a wide array of levels

Question 50

The employees in the new manufacturing teams all received productivity bonuses that showed they were adjusting to the new systems very well. This is an example of:

Answer 50

refreezing an organizational change.

Question 51

The viral change process uses word-of-mouth and ______ to build support and opportunities for observing those adopting new behaviors.

Answer 51

social networks

Question 52

Pilot programs are useful for introducing change because they ______.

Answer 52

test the effectiveness of the change

Question 53

Creating a vision, communicating the vision, and building commitment to that vision are behaviors that create and implement change initiatives through ______ leadership.

Answer 53

transformational

Question 54

Reasons why employees are willing to adopt changes more easily after observing a pilot project include that they ______.

Answer 54

recognize that change brought recognition and rewards to those in the pilot project understand that they can learn the skills needed to make the change see how the proposed changes could apply to them

Question 55

A formal group of several people who are influence leaders with a similar level of commitment to the change is an example of ______.

Answer 55

a guiding coalition

Question 56

Which of the following do social networks rely on to create viral change?

Answer 56

Viral marketing Word-of-mouth Trusted sources

Question 57

Advantages of using a pilot project include ______.

Answer 57

facilitating the selection of organizational groups that are most ready for change reduced risk of failure when the strategy is adopted by the entire organization

Question 58

Pilot projects make it easier to diffuse changes through the larger organization by ______.

Answer 58

having participants teach workers in other parts of the organization the needed skills and knowledge to change

Question 59

The organizational change process that combines changing attitudes and behavior with testing theory is the ______.

Answer 59

action research approach

Question 60

Put the steps in the action research approach to organizational change in order. Place the first step at the top and the last step at the bottom.

Answer 60

1. form client-consultant relationship 2. Diagnose the need for change 3. Introduce intervention 4. Evaluate and stabilize change 5. disengage consultant services

Question 61

The step in the action research approach to organizational change during which an outside change agent assesses the client's readiness, ability, and motivation to change is ______.

Answer 61

forming a client-consultant relationship

Question 62

The step in the action research process of diagnosing the need for change involves ______.

Answer 62

gathering and analyzing data

Question 63

The action research approach to organizational change ______.

Answer 63

combines changing attitudes and behavior with testing theory

Question 64

When an organization chooses to fine-tune its systems and take small steps toward change, it is introducing ______ change.

Answer 64

incremental

Question 65

In which step of the action research process is data gathered and analyzed about an ongoing system?

Answer 65

Diagnose need for change

Question 66

What happens during the evaluate and stabilize change stage of action research?

Answer 66

Standards are used to determine the effectiveness of the intervention.

Question 67

The form client-consultant relationship stage of the action research approach to organizational change involves ______.

Answer 67

learning if people are motivated to participate in the change

Question 68

The appreciative inquiry approach emphasizes ______.

Answer 68

building on strengths to increase organizational success and individual well-being

Question 69

The step in the action research process that gathers and analyzes data about the situation and identifies a direction for change is ______.

Answer 69

diagnosing the need for change

Question 70

What does positive organizational behavior focus on?

Answer 70

Building character in individuals and institutions

Question 71

When an organization chooses to fine-tune its systems and take small steps toward change, it is introducing ______ change.

Answer 71

incremental

Question 72

Which stage in the action research process measures the effectiveness of the intervention against the standards established in the diagnostic stage?

Answer 72

Evaluate and stabilize

Question 73

Positive principle

Answer 73

Focusing on positive potential produces more effective and enduring change.

Question 74

Constructionist principle

Answer 74

Our understanding of the change process depends on the questions we ask and language we use during the process.

Question 75

Simultaneity principle

Answer 75

Inquiry and change are simultaneous, not sequential.

Question 76

Poetic principle

Answer 76

Organizations are open books so we have choices in how they are perceived, framed, and described.

Question 77

Anticipatory principle

Answer 77

People are motivated by the vision they believe in for the future.

Question 78

The organizational change approach that directs the group's attention away from its own problems to focus participants on the group's potential and positive elements is the ______ approach.

Answer 78

appreciative inquiry

Question 79

Match the stage in the Four-D model of appreciative inquiry on the left with the correct description on the right.

Answer 79

Discovery - what is Dreaming - what might be Designing - what should be Delivering - what will be

Question 80

A large group intervention to introduce change can be described as ______.

Answer 80

generating a collective vision for the future future-oriented and positive highly participative events

Question 81

A perspective of organizational behavior that focuses on building positive qualities and traits within individuals or institutions as opposed to focusing on what is wrong with them is known as positive organizational ________.

Answer 81

behavior

Question 82

XTen Enterprises has been holding system-wide group sessions lasting a few days during which participants identify trends and establish ways to adapt to those changes. X Ten is using ______.

Answer 82

future search conferences

Question 83

Which of the five principles of appreciative inquiry holds that organizations have choices in how they are perceived, framed, and described?

Answer 83

Poetic

Question 84

List the steps of the Four-D model of appreciative inquiry in order, with the first step at the top and the last step at the bottom.

Answer 84

Discovery - what is Dreaming - what might be Designing - what should be Delivering - what will be

Question 85

Highly participative arrangements composed of people across organizational levels who apply the action research model are part of the ______ learning structures approach.

Answer 85

parallel

Question 86

Which of the following best characterizes large group interventions?

Answer 86

Highly participative events

Question 87

A cultural limitation of the theories used in Western cultures is that they ______.

Answer 87

assume change is linear

Question 88

Which of the following are problems associated with a future-oriented positive focus to organizational change?

Answer 88

Domination by a few members of the group Generating high expectations that can not be met

Question 89

What is a highly participative arrangement made up of people across all levels of an organization who apply the action research model to produce meaningful change?

Answer 89

Parallel learning structure

Question 90

What are cross-cultural limitations to organizational change theories?

Answer 90

Change is cyclical, not linear, in some places. Direct confrontation with change is unacceptable in some areas. Many theories are built around Western cultural assumptions.