Chapter 15 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is aggression

A

Aggression is part of our make up as human beings → any behaviour that has an intent to harm

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of aggression

A

Hostile/ reactive aggression

Instrumental/ proactive aggression

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3
Q

How does aggression develop in preschool

A
  • Preschoolers:

- verbal aggression replaces physical harm → usually instrumental

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4
Q

How does aggression develop in childhood

A
  • Childhood
    • more amicable settlements
    • slight increase in hostile aggression
    • condone retaliatory aggression (ex: fighting back is ok)
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5
Q

What is the sex differences in aggression

A
  • Boys are more physically and verbally aggressive than girls
    • Due to socialization according to gender occurs from birth
      • Parents interact differently with their children

Parents engage in different types of quality time with kids

This is also evident in culture, we expect different behaviours from males and females

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6
Q

Explain proactive aggressors

A

Proactive aggressors

- aggressive behaviours reinforced
- enhance self esteem through aggressive acts
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7
Q

Explain reactive aggressors

A

Reactive aggressors

- hostile aggression
- they feel suspicious of others and retaliate with force
- “They deserved it”
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8
Q

What are characteristics of chronic aggressors/ bullies

A
  • Chronic aggressors = bullys
    • 17% are bullied and 19% bully (6% do both)
    • Boys more likely to bully and be bullied
    • Boys are physically bullied; girls are relationally bullied (girls use relationships to bully)
    • Most frequent in early adolescence (Grades 6-8) and equally common across geography
      • Hard to tease apart bully from fighting at earlier age
    • Bullies more likely to smoke, drink and be poor students
    • Bullies often socialize with other aggressive peers → reinforce that behaviour
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9
Q

What are characteristics of passive victims

A
  • Passive victims
    • most are passive victims
    • tend to be more socially withdrawn, physically unimposing, not well liked
    • do not provoke aggression
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10
Q

What are characteristics of proactive victims

A
  • Provocative victims
    • rarer oppositional, restless
    • display hostile attribution bias
    • may be abused at home
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11
Q

What are characteristics of chronic victims

A
  • Chronic victims
    • routinely get bullied
    • self attribution for abuse → believe it’s their fault (there’s something about me that makes them do it)
    • tend to lack social support and social skills
    • tend to also have behavioral problems: social anxiety, anxiety, depression, low self esteem
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12
Q

What are characteristics of relational aggressors

A
  • Relational aggressors
    • using relationships to harm others
      • ex: spreading rumors, social exclusion
    • Relational aggression gains and maintains popularity through aggression
    • are often not recognized as bullies as behaviours are more subtle
    • This helps them maintain popularity?
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13
Q

How does culture influence aggression

A

Implicit and explicit socialization of aggression:

Cultural influence: some cultures have milestones that are associated with aggression

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14
Q

How does socioeconomic state influence aggression

A
  • Your family’s socioeconomic households can influence aggression
    • tend to see a negative correlation between socioeconomic and aggression → the poorer = more aggressive
      • such a relation stems from increased environmental stress in lower socioeconomic households
    • parenting behaviors: less responsiveness, more agitated interactions, less patience…
    • limited time at home ⇒ less monitoring (and correcting) of aggressive behaviours
      • more divided attention
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15
Q

How does a weak relationship with 2 parents influence aggression

A
  • Parents who have conflicts within relationship, influences children to be aggressive
  • Conflict between parents = increases child’s distress = aggression
  • parents tend to argue and then withdraw “in public” but reconcile in private → away from children
    • really important to reconcile in public as a model of appropriate behaviour
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16
Q

How does a coercive home environment influence aggression

A
  • Coercive home environment
    • negative home environment: negativity, bickering, tension, etc
    • interactions around stopping one member from annoying another one
    • aggression reinforced by the other member stopping
17
Q

How can you control aggression

A
  • Controlling aggression:
    • create a nonaggressive play environment → no competitive games, aggressive toys (gun toys, etc)
  • stop reinforcing aggressive behaviour
    • if kid reacts aggressively, don’t draw attention to each aggressive act
    • only most extreme behaviour acknowledged → stops attention gather reinforcement
  • time out technique
    • allows for parasympathetic activation to set in → more cognitive reasoning ability: blood no go brain, blood go arms to punch = no good → take out of bad environment and put in stable place to calm down
18
Q

How can you control aggression with cognitive coaching interventions

A
  • Social cognitive coaching interventions
    • emotional regulation
      • identify rise in physiological arousal or emotionality
      • teach breathing and relaxation techniques
      • cognitive retraining (ex: recognition of ambiguous acts as ambiguous) → someone walking in hallway bump you, not to be mean, just cuz hallway is small
    • empathy development
      • modeling of empathetic reactions to other’s distress
      • teach reasoning and empathic reasoning to allow for cognitive understanding of how aggressive acts are felt by others
    • social skills training
      • train them to negotiate, talk, etc