Chapter 13

Question 1

What is proprioceptive feedback

Answer 1

Proprioceptive feedback is knowing where your body parts are

Question 2

When do children realise they are separate from their environment and space; a notion of self

Answer 2

At around 2 months

First clue: They start understand that they are responsible for changes in their environment → notice when they do something (control environment), they feel pleasure so they do it again

Question 3

When do most kids pass the rouge test

Answer 3

18-24 months, regardless of culture and even in photograph

Question 4

When does the present self emerge

Answer 4

2-3 years old

Question 5

When does the extended self emerge

Answer 5

4-5 years (not at this point in time)

Question 6

What contributes to self recognition

Answer 6

• Cognitive Perspective
• Social Perspective
• Parenting Perspective

Question 7

What is the cognitive contribution to self recognition

Answer 7

Cognitive perspective: Infants are creating a reality (schema), a mental symbol of who they are

When they see themselves moving their arms around (in a mirror) and feeling it move, they put a new schema together (new image/symbol) of who they are

They are processing images and creating a reality of who they are

Question 8

What is the social contribution to self recognition

Answer 8

Social perspective: If we were by ourselves, we wouldn’t know that we are different from our environment
“I know who I am, amidst other people; I am not them, I am me”

• the rouge test done on chimps raised socially was successful
• the rouge test done on chimps raised raised alone was not successful
  
  • they treat an image like its another person

Question 9

What is the parenting contribution to self recognition

Answer 9

Parenting perspective: Parents play a large role in helping their children realise their sense of self

Parents who are securely attached with kids and vice versa, the kids recognise who they are sooner
- When you have a secure attachment → parent is responding to need of the child = child will know that I have separate needs from environment, I matter, I’m me

Question 10

Why is having a sense of self important

Answer 10

It is important because having a sense of self allows kids to recognise other people are different
The more they understand their sense of self, the more likely they are to initiate play with other kids, the more likely they are to be cooperative, etc

Question 11

When does the private self emerge and what is it

Answer 11

By age 2-3, we see the emergence of the private self.
A notion that people have mental states that may not be obvious to other people and this hidden state can guide and control them

Question 12

Explain the development of “The theory of mind” up to the age of 3 months

Answer 12

At 3 months of age, kids realise that human beings have intent → looking at eye gaze of parents + responsiveness of adult

Question 13

Explain the development of “The theory of mind” up to the age of 6 months

Answer 13

At 6 months we perceive human actions as purposeful → why is the spoon coming at my face

Question 14

Explain the development of “The theory of mind” up to the age of 9 months

Answer 14

At 9 months we will point or direct the person we are with’s attention to objects or events; perceive the person as capable of understanding their intentions
Ex: point at dog

Question 15

Explain the development of “The theory of mind” up to the age of 18 months

Answer 15

By 18 months what they want (their desires) directs certain actions ( i want cookie, i will do something to get that cookie)

Question 16

Explain the development of “The theory of mind” up to the age of 2/3 year old

Answer 16

By 2-3 years they talk about mental states (feelings, desires, etc) + awareness of the fact that there are some things i know but you don’t

Ex: I know where the keys are and you don’t

Question 17

What is desire theory

Answer 17

Desire theory: toddlers believe that a person’s actions (their own and others) are a reflection of their desires and they assume that everyone likes the same things as them

Ex: I like fish crackers so my dad and my friends must like them too

Question 18

What is belief-desire theory

Answer 18

Belief - desire theory states that by 3-4 years old a child recognizes that beliefs and desires are different and that either or both can influence ones conduct

Question 19

What is the false belief task

Answer 19

A false belief task is a type of task used in theory-of-mind studies, in which the child must infer that another person does not possess knowledge that he or she possesses (i.e., that other person holds a belief that is false).

• Sam puts some chocolate in a blue cupboard and goes out to play.
  In his absence, his mother moves the chocolate to the green cupboard
  When he returns, he wants the chocolate.Where does he look for it?
• Jimmy will either say the green cupboard because he is only aware of desire
• If Jimmy has an advanced theory of mind he will say in the blue cupboard because he is aware of the fact that there is a difference between belief and desire

Question 20

What is self esteem

Answer 20

Self esteem is one of the most crucial aspects of ourselves. It is one’s evaluation of one’s worth as a person and is based on an assessment of qualities identified in self concept
Ex: Scholastic competence, social acceptance, athletic competence, etc

Question 21

How do children rate themselves between ages of 4-7

Answer 21

It is all positive

Ex: I am greatest at everything

At 4:

• Children have self judgements
• They can’t distinguish between desired and actual competence
• Necessary for sense of initiative

Living ideal self
This is important so they can have a sense of initiative

Question 22

How do children see themselves in elementary school years

Answer 22

• Self-evaluations become differentiated
• See that they are good at some things and not at others
• Able to make separate evaluations regarding:
  Academic skills
  Athletic skills
  Physical appearance,
  Social competence
  Behavioral conduct

Question 23

How do kids around 7 years old see themselves

Answer 23

They have global evaluations of the self
Overall evaluation:
- How well they like themselves as people
- How happy they are
- How well they like the way they are leading their lives
Based on 2 dimensions:
- Discrepancy between ideal self and actual experiences, and how much the child values particular skills

• Overall support child feels he is getting from important people

Question 24

How do children rate themselves at 8 years old +

Answer 24

The ratings are similar to others’ evaluation → they begin to compare themselves to others

Question 25

Changes in self esteem during adolescence

Answer 25

Adolescents:

• Self esteem further differentiated
• New dimensions added: close friendship, romantic appeal, job competence
• Self-esteem tends to increase
• High S-E: well-adjusted, sociable and conscientious
• Low S-E: associated with adjustment difficulties

Question 26

Explain the relation between self esteem during adolescents and social influences (parents, friends)

Answer 26

Social Influence
High dissatisfaction with parental relationships : often aggressive and antisocial
Poor academic self esteem tend to be anxious and unfocused
Negative peer relationships are more anxious and depressed

Question 27

What is identity

Answer 27

It is a firm and coherent sense of self
It is a self sit is a self definition, sense sense of who one is, where one is going in life, and how one fits into society

Question 28

Explain Erikson’s view on identity crisis in adolescence

Answer 28

• Erikson: Identity crisis may be lifelong but adolescence peak developmental period
  
  • ex: likelihood of developing intimate relationships
  • Identity formation does not occur until late adolescence/young adulthood (ex: college, university)
• May be reopened in adulthood (ex: significant life events: tragedy divorce, parenthood…)

Question 29

What is the gender difference in identity development

Answer 29

There are gender differences in the pursuit of identity, females have the same amount of moratorium and achievement in terms of career goals. However, women have an additional component. Due to the hypersexualization of women in society, women have more questions about their sexuality (ex: what it means to be a woman, etc). This hypersexualization causes additional pressure on women.

Question 30

What is the connection of your identity development and psychological well being

Answer 30

Those who are achievers or in moratorium have better psychological well being than those in diffusion or foreclosure.

Benefits include:

• Higher self esteem
• More control in their lives / autonomy
• View school and work as feasible avenues for realizing their aspirations
• More advanced in moral reasoning
• Information-gathering cognitive style: seek out relevant information, evaluate it carefully, and critically reflect on and revise their views

Question 31

How is the psychological well being of those in foreclosure and diffusion

Answer 31

• More depressed affect
• Apathetic –> less energetic
• Have a sense of hopelessness
• Foreclosed
  
  • display a dogmatic, inflexible cognitive style : ex: my way is the highway → don’t think outside the box, stuck in this one way of thinking
• Diffused
  
  • Use diffuse-avoidant cognitive style: avoid conflicts and problems → try their best to avoid anything (confrontation, etc) they’re just done

Question 32

What contributes to identity formation

Answer 32

Cognitive: our ability to think

School

Sociocultural

Autonomy

Question 32

Explain the cognitive contribution to identity formation

Answer 32

Cognitive: our ability to think → cognitive: mastery of formal-operational thought and can reason logically about hypothetical → imagine future of identity

Question 33

Explain the parental contribution to identity formation

Answer 33

Parents impact the type of possibilities

- Diffusion: neglected or rejected from parents → this is internalized: my parents avoid me so I should avoid everything as well
- Foreclosure: very close relation and fear rejection → never question identity or forge separate one: have a very close relationship with parents but fear that this relationship will collapse if they do something different than what they forged for them → this is internalized and so they are too scared to try new stuff
- Moratorium and achievement: secure attachment → feel safe with their relationship with their parents so they’re ok with asking what if, etc

Question 34

Explain the scholastic contribution to identity formation

Answer 34

School has an impact on identity

- When you go to uni/college it pushes you to think about what you want to do in life
- It exposes you to a lot of different people so their political and religious identity is stepped back but later in life they’re more stable (surea) in these things 
- College/university regress in some aspects of identity formation (i.e. religion) → they come in with foreclosed identity but then they enter moratorium

Question 35

Explain the sociocultural contribution to identity formation

Answer 35

Sociocultural

- modern and Western culture encourage exploration
- not the same worldwide
    - there are place in the world that go like: THIS IS YOUR GENDER IDENTITY, THIS IS YOUR ROLE, THIS IS YOUR SEXUALITY, etc

Question 36

Explain autonomy’s contribution to identity formation

Answer 36

Autonomy → self determination theory: theory about motivation

- there are 2 types of motivation: intrinsic and extrinsic
    - intrinsic motivation: things you do for you, for the sole purpose that you want to
    - extrinsic motivation: things you do for external purposes

Question 37

What is autonomy influenced by

Answer 37

• Autonomy is influenced by:
  
  • Puberty → allows you to interact more with the world?
  • Cognitive development: better problem solving and decision making → when you have an enriched cognitive development you feel more autonomous
  • Improved ability to reason about social relationships → the more comfy you are across diff social relationship, the more you feel like you’re in control
  • Deidealize parents → See your parents for who they are (positives and negatives), if you don’t do this, you will always see them as people you depend on and not autonomous