Chapter 14 Water Part 1

Question 1

How much water in body

Answer 1

50% to 75% body weight. 55% of body weight for adults.

Question 2

Who has the most water in body

Answer 2

Infants have the most water in body, and the water decrease as the age increase. Lean people have greater percent of water in body than obese people.

Question 3

Why lean people contain more water?

Answer 3

Because lean tissue contains 73% of water, but adipose tissue contains only 20% water.

Question 4

Two compartments of water in body

Answer 4

Intracellular and extracellular. Almost 2/3 of water is in intracellular compartment, and rest of the water is found in extracellular

Question 5

Two additional compartments of extracellular

Answer 5

interstitial fluid(between cells) and intravascular fluid(in blood and lymph).

Question 6

The fluid in compartment is not _____

Answer 6

pure water. It also contains dissolved substances known as solutes.

Question 7

What is the most abundant solute

Answer 7

Electrolytes.

Question 8

Electrolytes

Answer 8

It will form when salt, such as NaCl, potassium phosphate, dissociate in solution and form ions.

Question 9

Intracellular contains primarily

Answer 9

potassium and magnesium cations and negative charged phosphate anions.

Question 10

Extracellular contains

Answer 10

Sodium cations and chloride anions along with bicarbonate, predominate.

Question 11

How do body control the amount of water in body

Answer 11

By controlling the concentration of electrolytes in compartment.

Question 12

The sophisticated gatekeeping system

Answer 12

Involves transmembrane pumps keeps intra and extra water and electrolytes concentration in a narrow range.

Question 13

Osmosis

Answer 13

It is the passive diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane — in the body, these are cell membrane. When the concentration of solutes (mainly electrolytes) differs on the 2 sides of a cell membrane, water will move from the side with a low solute concentration to the side with the higher solute concentration.

Question 14

Adding water

Answer 14

will make the absorbed water move through the osmosis from high concentration side to low concentration side. This happens when we drink water.

Question 15

Functions of water

Answer 15

Maintenance of blood volume, transport of nutrients and oxygen. Water is the basis synthesis for the fluid synthesized in body, such as bile and saliva. It also forms lubricants in knees and joints. It also participate in many metabolic processes and reactions as a solvent. It also regulate the temperature of body and remove waste product.

Question 16

Two ways of water regulate body temperature

Answer 16

First, water has high heat capacity, so the temperature rises slowly when it is heated. Another way is sweat. 99% of sweat is water, the heat energy is taken out the body with perspiration.

Question 17

Body waste removal

Answer 17

Most unwanted substances in body are water soluble, so that they can be excreted through urine.

Question 18

What happens if the urea is low frequent

Answer 18

its heavy ion concentration may increase the risk of kidney stone formation in susceptible people, especially men.

Question 19

Water beverage

Answer 19

Contains high calorie and sugar which cause obesity and cardiovascular disease. Also should consider the micronutrients in the beverage.

Question 20

If beverage take place of juice

Answer 20

decrease Vitamin C, Vitamin A, and folate intake.

Question 21

Dehydrate of caffeine

Answer 21

Will not cause dehydrate up to 500 mg per day.

Question 22

How do ethanol increase the urine output?

Answer 22

By inhibiting the action of antidiuretic hormone which helps to control the amount of fluid lost in the urine.

Question 23

Bottle water

Answer 23

Is no safer than tap water since it comes from various of resources. Pay attention to the label. Consider if the water contains fluoride which can prevent dental carries.

Question 24

Water in vegetables

Answer 24

75% to 95%.

Question 25

Water in potato, chicken, and steak

Answer 25

50% to 75%

Question 26

Food less than 35%

Answer 26

Jam, honey, crackers, butter, and margarine.

Question 27

Water in vegetable oil

Answer 27

no water.

Question 28

Water needs

Answer 28

Adequate water in 15 cups (3.7 L) per day for adult men, 11 cups (2.7 L) for adult women.

Question 29

Plain water we need

Answer 29

13 cups for men, and 9 cups for women.

Question 30

Water produced from metabolism

Answer 30

1 to 1.5 cups. 250 to 350 ml.

Question 31

Sensible water loss

Answer 31

Urine and heavy perspiration.

Question 32

Insensible water loss

Answer 32

Loss from the skin, lungs and feces that we do not notice.

Question 33

How much water enter the intestinal tract?

Answer 33

32 cups from the secretion of mouth, stomach, intestine, pancreas, and other organs. And diet supplies an additional 8 to 13 cups.

Question 34

How much water loss in the feces

Answer 34

0.5 to 0.75 cups.

Question 35

Water reabsorption of kidney

Answer 35

Kidney can conserve water. It is the primary means to regulate the balance of water in body. And kidney can reabsorb 97% water from the waste.

Question 36

Water regulation

Answer 36

Kidney is the main regulator, but the brain, lungs, and liver also have important roles. And this regulation is very precise.

Question 37

When water intake is too low

Answer 37

Blood will be more concentrated(the osmotic pressure of the extracellular increase) and blood pressure falls. And pituitary secretes ADH to let kidney retain water and decrease urine. And low down the blood pressure initiate the another sequence of events in body.

Question 38

Symptoms of dehydration

Answer 38

Solute concentration in the blood rise, blood pressure decrease, and heart rate increases due to low blood volume. If fluid loss continue, will cause kidney failure, seizures, delirium, and coma.