Chapter 14 Major Minerals Part 2 Flashcards
Two kinds of mineral
Major minerals and trace minerals.
How to categorize two minerals
Depends on how much need per day. More than 100 mg is major minerals.
Food source of major minerals
Animal source and plant source. Animal source is the richest and the most bioavailability.
What can influence the quantity of minerals in food
Agriculture practices and food processing. The more refined a food, the less minerals.
Functions of minerals
Function, growth, and maintain tissues.
More foods are being fortified
Like use iron pans can increase the iron in the food.
What factors does the absorption depend on?
Physiology need, bioavailability,
What can infect bioavailability?
- Amount of the minerals consumed. Eg. If excess Zn is consumed, the absorption and metabolism of Cu can be decreases.
- Nonmineral substances in the diet.
Phytic acid
This can be found in the wheat grains and legumes. It can limit the absorption of some minerals by binding to them and prevent release during the digestion. However, if grains are leavened with the yeast, enzymes produced by the yeast can break the bonds of phytics and increase the bioavailability of the minerals.
Oxalic acid
found in leafy green plants and binds with minerals to decrease the bioavailability.
How much dietary calcium come from milk
32%
Polyphenols
are a group of compounds contains at least 2 ring structure that each one has at least one hydroxyl group attached。 It also combine with minerals and decrease the bioavailability， especially Fe and Ca. Many polyphenols are found in natural plants such as tea, chocolate, and wine.
What can flavonoids and tannins do?
They are two kinds of polyphenols, they can prevent cancer and heart disease.
How does vitamin enhance the bioavailability?
Vitamin C can improve iron absorption when both are consumed in the same meal. The vitamin D hormone
calcitriol improves calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium absorption.
Transport of minerals
They travel in blood in free form or bound to proteins.
Free form of trace minerals
Are highly reactive, may be toxic if not bound.
Storage of minerals
they have ready source in body when the dietary intake is lacking, Calcium and phosphorus are stored in bones and teeth. Iron stored in small amounts in liver and bone marrow.
Storage of trace minerals
very small
Excretion of minerals
Primarily though the urine, some maybe excreted in bile.
What if the kidney fail
The intake of mineral should be carefully monitored in order to avoid the toxicity, especially phosphorus and potassium.
Functions of minerals
Water balance, nerve impulses, coenzymes, components of compound, growth and development.
Major minerals easy be deficient are
Calcium, potassium, and magnesium.
Trace minerals easy to be deficient are
Iron, zinc, iodine.
Minerals are concerned to be toxicity
Iron and zinc.
Carefully consider supplements
Higher intakes of 1 mineral may hinder absorption of others.
Supplement may be contaminated with lead.
How much sodium is in a teaspoon of salt
2300 mg
