Chapter 14 Major Minerals Part 2

Question 1

Two kinds of mineral

Answer 1

Major minerals and trace minerals.

Question 2

How to categorize two minerals

Answer 2

Depends on how much need per day. More than 100 mg is major minerals.

Question 3

Food source of major minerals

Answer 3

Animal source and plant source. Animal source is the richest and the most bioavailability.

Question 4

What can influence the quantity of minerals in food

Answer 4

Agriculture practices and food processing. The more refined a food, the less minerals.

Question 5

Functions of minerals

Answer 5

Function, growth, and maintain tissues.

Question 6

More foods are being fortified

Answer 6

Like use iron pans can increase the iron in the food.

Question 7

What factors does the absorption depend on?

Answer 7

Physiology need, bioavailability,

Question 8

What can infect bioavailability?

Answer 8

1. Amount of the minerals consumed. Eg. If excess Zn is consumed, the absorption and metabolism of Cu can be decreases.
2. Nonmineral substances in the diet.

Question 9

Phytic acid

Answer 9

This can be found in the wheat grains and legumes. It can limit the absorption of some minerals by binding to them and prevent release during the digestion. However, if grains are leavened with the yeast, enzymes produced by the yeast can break the bonds of phytics and increase the bioavailability of the minerals.

Question 10

Oxalic acid

Answer 10

found in leafy green plants and binds with minerals to decrease the bioavailability.

Question 11

How much dietary calcium come from milk

Answer 11

32%

Question 12

Polyphenols

Answer 12

are a group of compounds contains at least 2 ring structure that each one has at least one hydroxyl group attached。 It also combine with minerals and decrease the bioavailability， especially Fe and Ca. Many polyphenols are found in natural plants such as tea, chocolate, and wine.

Question 13

What can flavonoids and tannins do?

Answer 13

They are two kinds of polyphenols, they can prevent cancer and heart disease.

Question 14

How does vitamin enhance the bioavailability?

Answer 14

Vitamin C can improve iron absorption when both are consumed in the same meal. The vitamin D hormone
calcitriol improves calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium absorption.

Question 15

Transport of minerals

Answer 15

They travel in blood in free form or bound to proteins.

Question 16

Free form of trace minerals

Answer 16

Are highly reactive, may be toxic if not bound.

Question 17

Storage of minerals

Answer 17

they have ready source in body when the dietary intake is lacking, Calcium and phosphorus are stored in bones and teeth. Iron stored in small amounts in liver and bone marrow.

Question 18

Storage of trace minerals

Answer 18

very small

Question 19

Excretion of minerals

Answer 19

Primarily though the urine, some maybe excreted in bile.

Question 20

What if the kidney fail

Answer 20

The intake of mineral should be carefully monitored in order to avoid the toxicity, especially phosphorus and potassium.

Question 21

Functions of minerals

Answer 21

Water balance, nerve impulses, coenzymes, components of compound, growth and development.

Question 22

Major minerals easy be deficient are

Answer 22

Calcium, potassium, and magnesium.

Question 23

Trace minerals easy to be deficient are

Answer 23

Iron, zinc, iodine.

Question 24

Minerals are concerned to be toxicity

Answer 24

Iron and zinc.

Question 25

Carefully consider supplements

Answer 25

Higher intakes of 1 mineral may hinder absorption of others.

Supplement may be contaminated with lead.

Question 26

How much sodium is in a teaspoon of salt

Answer 26

2300 mg