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A&P Exam #5 > Chapter 14: The Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Chapter 14: The Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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2
Q

The spinal cord extends inferiorly from the ______ through the ________ _________

A

brain’s medulla

vertebral canal

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3
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

at the L1 vertebrae with the “conus medullaris”

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4
Q

What are the 2 widened regions of the spinal cord and what do they innervate?

A
  1. cervical enlargement (upper limbs)

2. lumbar enlargement (lower limbs)

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5
Q

What are the 5 divisions of the spinal cord?

A
  1. cervical
  2. thoracic
  3. lumbar
  4. sacral
  5. coccygeal
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6
Q

How many pairs of Cervical nerves are there?

A

8

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7
Q

How many pairs of Thoracic nerves are there?

A

12

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8
Q

How many pairs of Lumbar nerves are there?

A

5

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9
Q

How many pairs of Sacral nerves are there?

A

5

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10
Q

How many pairs of Coccygeal nerves are there?

A

1

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11
Q

T / F : Vertebrae growth continues after the spinal cord growth is complete

A

True

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12
Q

What is the “filum terminale?”

A

a thin strand of pia that attaches the conus medullaris to the coccyx

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13
Q

What are the 3 meningeal layers of the spinal cord?

A

external to internal:

  1. dura mater
  2. arachnoid mater
  3. pia mater
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14
Q

What procedure obtains CSF for medical diagnoses?

A

lumbar puncture (LP)

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15
Q

Where is the spine is an LP performed?

A

just above / below L4, into the subarachnoid space

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16
Q

Where are cell bodies of SOMATIC MOTOR NEURONS found?

A

the anterior horns of gray matter

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17
Q

Where are cell bodies of AUTONOMIC MOTOR NEURONS found?

A

the lateral horns of gray matter (T1 - L2)

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18
Q

Where axons of SENSORY NEURONS and cell bodies of INTERNEURONS found?

A

the posterior horns of gray matter

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19
Q

What are “nuclei” in the spinal cord?

A

groups of cell bodies

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20
Q

What are the 3 regions of white matter?

A
  1. anterior funiculus
  2. lateral funiculus
  3. posterior funiculus
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21
Q

Where are axons located?

A

in the spinal cord tracts

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22
Q

Where are cell bodies located?

A

in ganglia

23
Q

What pathway signals for: proprioception, touch, temperature, pressure & pain?

A

the sensory pathway

24
Q

What neuron relays the signal from the skin to the brainstem?

A

the primary neuron

25
Q

What neuron relays the signal from the medulla to the thalamus?

A

the secondary neuron

26
Q

What neuron relays the signal to the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

the tertiary neuron

27
Q

What pathway signals for: crude touch, pressure, pain and temperature with a 3 neuron train?

A

the anterolateral pathway

28
Q

What pathway signals for propioception?

A

the spinocerebellar pathway

29
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

a segment of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve

30
Q

What dermatome is associated with appendicitis?

A

T10

31
Q

What dermatome is associated with medial arm / forearm?

A

C8

32
Q

What nerve innervates the diaphragm?

A

the phrenic nerve

33
Q

What is the largest and longest nerve in the body?

A

the sciatic nerve

34
Q

What is a “reflex?”

A

an involuntary response that is a survival mechanism

35
Q

What is a “reflex arc?”

A

the neural pathway responsible for generating the response

36
Q

What prevents muscles from contracting excessively?

A

the Golgi tendon reflex

37
Q

What is “clonus?”

A

rhythmic oscillating movements with reflex testing

38
Q

The “cervical plexus” consists of which nerves?

A

C1 - C4

39
Q

The “cervical atlas” consists of which nerves?

A

C1

40
Q

What is the “cauda equina?”

A

rootlets from parts L2 and below

41
Q

ALP-SAS

A 
Anterior = Somatic
Lateral = Autonomic
Posterior = Sensory
42
Q

What does a hypoactive reflex indicate?

A

damage to the spinal cord, damage to the neuromuscular junction, or muscle disease

43
Q

What does a hyperactive reflex indicate?

A

damage to the brain

44
Q

What are the “denticulate ligaments?”

A

the lateral extensions of the pia mater that help suspend the spinal cord

45
Q

Where does CSF flow?

A

within the subarachnoid space

46
Q

What is the space between the vertebra and the dura mater?

A

the epidural space

47
Q

After a spinal cord injury, prompt use of ________ may preserve muscle function

A

steroids

48
Q

In spinal cord injuries, what can reduce the number of deaths from pulmonary or urinary infections?

A

early antibiotics

49
Q

What can be used to regenerate CNS axons?

A

neural stem cells

50
Q

Which tracts are related to posture and balance?

A

reticulospinal

51
Q

Which tracts are related to responding to visual / auditory stimuli?

A

tectospinal

52
Q

Which tracts help maintain balance when sitting, standing and walking?

A

vestibulospinal

53
Q

What is sciatica characterized by?

A

extreme pain down posterior thigh and leg

54
Q

What may cause sciatica?

A

a herniated intervertebral disc

A&P Exam #5 (3 decks)

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