Chapter 14: Specialized Courts Flashcards
Specialized Courts
Aka: Problem-solving Courts
Limited-jurisdiction courts that focus primarily on
-drug offenses
-domestic violence
-offenders with mental health problems
Broken Windows Argument
Scholars argued targeting minor crime (i.e. drug offenses, vandalism, etc…) would result in more serious crimes
James Q. Wilson and George Kellings argued with the Broken Windows Theory, that __________ ____________ should start taking more ______________ measures to _________ public order and increase _________ accountability to stop crime, instead of being ____________.
Police departments; preventative, maintain; community; reactive
Overall, the start of ___________ __________ courts, was the idea that focusing on _______ and ________ problems within ___________, the police would reduce __________ __________, fear of ________ and _________ itself.
Problem solving; small; large; neighborhoods; urban disorder; crime; crime
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994
Attorney general funds drug courts (across country).
As a result of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, by the end of ________, there were ______ operating _________ __________ in the United States.
1994; 40; drug courts
Violence against Women Act provided ___________ and _________ funding to communities to combat ______________ ________________, _______________ ________________, and other forms of _____________ targeting ________________. This legislation sparked the establishment of several ____________ _______________ courts around the country.
state; local; domestic violence; sexual assault; violence; women; domestic violence
In 1989, by the __________ ____________ of Florida and the Dade County (Miami) ___________ _____________, the nations first _____________ diversion court was established. Under this court, _____________ offenders were sentenced to routine, _______________ supervised _____________ treatment.
Attorney General; public defender; drug; drug; judicially; drug
In 1996, Marion County, Indiana established its Psychiatric Assertive Identification Response program; it was the nations first _____________ ___________ court.
mental illness
New York established the nations first ______________ ______________ court.
domestic violence
In 1989, San Diego established the first __________________ court.
homelessness
In 1999, the U.S. Department of Justice funded ______ “____________” courts, which would help _________________ those who have recently been released from _____________, back into the _______________.
9; reentry; reintegrate; prison; community
6 Principles of Problem-Solving Justice
1) Enhanced Information
2) Community Engagement
3) Collaboration
4) Individual Justice
5) Accountability
6) Outcomes
1) Enhanced Information: _____________ of the ______________ that fuel an offender’s ___________ ______________, and ____________ knowledge of the offender.
knowledge; circumstances; criminal behavior; background
2) Community Engagement & 3) Collaboration: Problem-solving courts believe it’s important to ______________ with _______________ members and listen to their concerns about ____________ and ___________ in the community. Public safety is improved when ___________ ____________ collaborates with the ____________, ____________ services, __________, etc. to develop case plans to target an offender’s _______________.
interact; community; justice; crime; law enforcement; government; social; schools; problems
4) Individualized Justice: Believes defendant’s shouldn’t be treated like just another ___________ on the ___________ ___________. This view holds that problems solving justice is aware that some defendants have ______________ lives, so judges are equipped with the tools necessary to create a sentence ________________ to the _____________’s needs, reducing the likelihood of ______________, reintegrating him/her as a productive member of society.
case; court docket; complicated; tailored; defendant’s; recidivism
5) Accountability: Problem solving justice also emphasizes ______________ and ____________ among defendants with the treatment and educational requirements set by the court. Compliance is ensured through ____________between the ______________ and ____________ personnel, and _____________is ensured through swift _______________ as a result of failure to meet the court’s requirements.
accountability; compliance; meetings; defendant; court; accountability; punishment
6) Case Outcomes: Problem-solving courts are less interested in the number of cases handled per day, and more interested in…
- Offender ______________ rate
- Offender ______________ rate
- _________________ attainment made by the defendant
- ____________ and ______________ health
- ______________ prospects
graduation; recidivism; educational; physical; mental; employment
Restorative Justice
views punishment as a means of repairing harm / injury done during crime
Focuses on the victim, offender, community
Restorative Justice focuses primarily on 1) ___________ and 2) ____________.
Harm; Repair
Restorative justice is usually facilitated through a _____________ between the _________, the ________________’s family, the ______________, the ______________’s family, and the _____________. There, each of the parties will discuss the ___________ the crime had on the _____________, __________________, and _________________, and collectively decide an appropriate __________________.
meeting; victim; victim’s; offender; offender’s; community; impact; victim; offender; community; sanction
The ____________ under which defendants in ____________ -_____________ courts go through is very different from the _____________ ____________ court process, but the _____________ are similar: restitution, community service, fines, short jail term etc…
PROCESS; problem-solving; criminal justice; OUTCOMES
Drug treatment courts incorporate intensive _______________ supervision of _____________ offenders, __________________ drug ______________, and _________________ programs providing ______________, ______________, ______________, and _____________ services.
judicial; drug; mandatory; treatment; rehabilitation; vocational; educational; family; medical
Defendants have to meet certain _____________ requirements to be admitted into drug-court pre-adjudication in lieu of trial court adjudication. What are one of these requirements?
eligibility
Defendants with prior criminal record involving…
- violence/ use of a weapon
- or if their current offense involved the use of a weapon,
are not admitted to drug-court treatment.
To undergo drug treatment which lasts ______, _______ or more months, defendants are referred to a drug treatment _____________, and are required to abide by the program’s requirements. The Program itself is ________ required. Defendants may be subject to random _______________ and have to appear before a ___________ - ____________ judge. Failure to meet the requirements, appear in court, or pass drug tests result in being ______________ from the program, ___________, and ______________ based on original charges. Defendants who complete the program will have their charges ______________.
12; 18; program; not; urinalysis; drug-court; terminated; adjudicated; sentenced; dismissed
3 Primary Performance Evaluations for Drug Courts
1) Retention in Drug Court Treatment
2) Sobriety
3) Recidivism
Domestic Violence Court
A Problem solving court w/ specialized docket for domestic violence cases.
By 1998, there were __________ domestic violence courts
200
As of now, _____________ courts give “__________ attention” domestic violence cases, not to say that these courts themselves are ____________, rather they set aside time on the court _____________ to handle these cases more intently.
300; “specialized attention”; specialized; calendar
Defendant _____________ is of _____________ priority to domestic violence courts. What are the 2 Primary Priorities of Domestic Violence Court?
rehabilitation; little
1) Victim Safety (most important!!)
2) Offender (batterer) accountability
Domestic violence courts oftentimes impose a _______________ order at the ____________ appearance, and a ____________ order of ______________ at sentencing, which ___________ or ____________ contact with the _____________.
restraining; first; final; protection; prohibits; limits; victim
Community Court
Focuses on…
- Partnership w/ community agencies
- Problem Solving
- finding solutions to crime plaguing local community
Community courts, for which there were already ____________s of by 2012 across several U.S. cities, are located in __________________, rather than downtown ____________.
dozens; neighborhoods; core
Community courts really only handle cases of ____________ or low-level ___________, for which they impose ________________ ______________ as a part of the defendant’s sentence.
misdemeanors; felonies; community service
In Buffalo, New York 2008, the nations first ______________’s _______________ court opened.
veteran’s treatment
Veterans court involves placing veterans, who face the harsh reality of ____________, _____________, ____________ ___________ etc., under the mentorship of _______________ of the same service. At this stage a dedicated veterans court judge, along with other __________ ____________ and ____________ __________ officials, will _______________ the defendant’s progress. The judge is NOT just apart of the initial formalities in specialized court, they are there through nearly the entirety of the process.
unemployment, homelessness, substance abuse; veterans; criminal justice; social services; monitor
Veteran’s court is usually more receptive to offenders of a _____-__________ crime. Several researchers suggest that approach is ___________ considering those who commit ____________ crimes may be in more need of treatment than those of ______-__________ crime.
non-violent; wrong; violent; non-violent
Homeless courts
specialized courts designed to help the homeless resolve minor criminal matters.
Homeless courts help defendants resolve ___________ for
- _____________ of the _________
- public _______________
- ________________
- sleeping on the __________
etc…
arrests; disturbance; peace; drunkenness; vagrancy; sidewalk
Sentences for defendants in homelessness court include __________ _________ training, __________ training, life skills ___________, and ____________-___________ treatment
job skills; computer; education; substance-abuse
Juvenile court aims to use _____________ and or _____________, instead of focusing on retribution or _____________, to transform _______________ into ___________ members of ______________.
treatment; rehabilitation; punishment; juveniles; productive; society.
Parens Patriae
“Parents of the country”
gives govt right to do what is in best interest of the child.
In Loco Parentis
“In place of the parents”
allows govt to act in place of parents
Child Savers
Group of civil-minded individuals that helped delinquent (neglected etc..) children who suffered due to the effects of rapid industrialization.
Jurisdiction of Juvenile Court is based on 1) __________ of the Juvenile Delinquent 2) _____________ _______________.
Age; state statutes
In most jurisdictions, anyone under age _______ is admitted to juvenile court. However in 3 states, defendants only have to ________, and in 10 states, they only have to be ____
18; 15; 16
In all jurisdictions juveniles can be tried as ____________, in !!___________ ___________!!
adults; CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES
Each year, juvenile courts process at least ____ million cases.
1
_________ are _________________ in the juvenile system. _____________ and ________- _________ are _________________ in the juvenile system.
Blacks; overrepresented; Asians; Native-Americans; underrepresented
Juvenile court hearings are different from that of trial hearings, in that they are ________-_________. Whereas a defendant in trial court is ____________ guilty of a crime, juveniles are ____________ delinquent.
quasi-civil; convicted; adjudicated
In juvenile court proceedings, there less formal interaction between the ___________ and ______________. These trials are not __________. The media is _____________ from releasing the _________ of the _____________. Lastly, the defendant does not have the right to a ________ ___________.
judge; defendant; public; forbidden; name; defendant; jury trial.
Waiver of Juveniles to Criminal Court
Process of transferring a juvenile from juvenile court to criminal court.
Criteria for Waiver of Juveniles to Criminal Court
- Age Minimum
- Type/ Level of Offense
- Prior Delinquency Record
Cases involving ____________ minorities are more likely than cases involving _________s to be transferred to ___________ court.
racial; whites; criminal
_____________ are more likely than all other races to be sentenced to ___________ or ___________ among ______________ youth.
blacks; jail; prison; transferred
Findings by Kurlychek and Johnson suggest transferring ____________ to ____________ court indicated a perceived “_________________”; that the _____________ posed too dangerous a _____________ and lack of potential for ________________ resulting in a considerable ‘juvenile penalty.’
juveniles; criminal; incorrigibility; juvenile; threat; rehabilitation
