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Psychology > Chapter 14 - Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Psychological Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Capgras Syndrome

A

Believing your family members are imposters

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2
Q

Psychopathology

A

Sickness or disorder of the mind

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3
Q

Psychopathology was initially thought to be madness or demons

A

.

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4
Q

Hippocrates classified psychopathologies as what?

A

Mania, melancholia, and phrenitis

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5
Q

Hippocrates thought these disorders resulted from the “humors” or bodily fluids a person possessed.

A

.

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6
Q

Melancholia

A

Black bile - sadness and depression

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7
Q

Mental issues are caused by a combo of what?

A

Biology and environment

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8
Q

How many Americans will have some form of mental disorder this year?

A

1 in 2 or 50%

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9
Q

Mental disorders are prevalent in developed societies

A

.

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10
Q

What disorders are common in women vs men?

A 
Women = anxiety + depression
Men = antisocial personality disorder + autism
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11
Q

The diagnostic criteria for a mental disorder?

A

It has to interfere with at least one aspect of a person’s life

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12
Q

Etiology

A

Factors that contribute to the development of a disorder

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13
Q

Emil Kraepelin separated disorders of mood from disorders of cognition

A

.

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14
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

A

It is standard in psychology and psychiatry and helps classify mental disorders

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15
Q

Multiaxial system

A

The system used in the DSM; it calls for assessment along five axes that describe important mental health factors. The five axes:

  1. Major clinical disorders (depression, schizophrenia, and anxiety)
  2. Mental retardation (intellectual functioning problems) and personality disorders
  3. Medical conditions that may contribute to a person’s psychological functioning
  4. Psychosocial problems (legal, financial, or family problems)
  5. Global or overall assessment of how well the person is functioning based on a 100 point scale
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16
Q

Categorical approach

A

A person either HAS a mental disorder or does NOT have one

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17
Q

Dimensional approach

A

Consider mental disorders along a continuum in which people vary in degree rather than in kind

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18
Q

Problems with DSM?

A

It takes categorical approach; either you have the disorder or not

people seldom fit into the precise categories provided

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19
Q

Assessment

A

The process of examining a person’s mental functions and psychological health. The goal of assessment is to make a diagnosis

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20
Q

Prognosis

A

The course and probable outcome of a patient

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21
Q

Mental status exam

A

Behavioral observations, evaluation of person’s grooming, speech, thought content, and memory

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22
Q

Clinical interview

A

Asking a person about their symptoms and such

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23
Q

Most clinical interviews are what?

A

Unstructured - the psychologist molds questions for the client

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24
Q

Structured interviews

A

Clinicians ask standardized questions in the same order each time

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25
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

A

567 true/false items that assess emotions, thoughts, and behaviors

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26
Q

Evidence-based assessments

A

Research guides the evaluation and diagnosis of mental disorders (the selection of appropriate psychological tests, and the use of critical thinking for ex.

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27
Q

Comorbidity

A

When mental disorders occur together

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28
Q

Diathesis stress model

A

Proposes a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event… Ex: When you have a genetic predisposition to anxiety and you’re put in a stressful situation, it’s more likely for you to get anxiety ….. OR if you experienced trauma (that could cause anxiety potentially) and then you’re put in a stressful situation, it’s more likely for you to get anxiety….

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29
Q

Family systems model

A

A diagnostic model that considers symptoms within an individual as indicating problems within their family

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30
Q

Sociocultural model

A

A diagnostic model that views psychopathology as the result of the interaction between individuals and their cultures

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31
Q

Cognitive behavioral approach

A

A diagnostic model that views psychopathology as the result of learned, maladaptive thoughts and beliefs (as a result of behavioral condition-response learned thoughts)

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31
Q

What disorders are equally Lille in the sexes?

A

Bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and OCD

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32
Q

What’s more common in males?

A

Alcohol and drug dependence and antisocial personality disorder and ADHD

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33
Q

What’s more likely in females?

A

Depression and anxiety and anorexia

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34
Q

Internalizing disorders?

A

These are characterized by negative emotions and they can be grouped into categories that reflect the emotions of distress and fear. For example, distress = depression and anxiety disorders. Fear= phobias and panic disorders of 628

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35
Q

Externalizing disorders

A

Characterized by disinhibition. Include alcoholism and antisocial personality disorder

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36
Q

Females are more likely to experience ___ disorders and males are more likely to experience ____ disorders

A
  1. Internalizing

2. Externalizing

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37
Q

What are culture-bound syndromes?

A

These disorders occur mainly in specific cultures or regions. They are listed in the DSM

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38
Q

People diagnosed with mental disorders have what in common?

A
  1. Their behavior deviates from cultural norms

2. Their behavior is maladaptive

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39
Q

Anxiety disorders

A

Disorders characterized by excessive anxiety in the absence of true danger

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40
Q

What can chronic stress/anxiety do?

A

Hurt the hippocampus, result in hypertension and headaches, etc

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41
Q

Specific phobias

A

Fear of particular objects or situations

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42
Q

Common specific phobias?

A

Fear of heights, snakes, or enclosed spaces, or fear of flying

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43
Q

Social phobia

A

Fear of being negatively evaluated by others

44
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder

A

Constantly anxious, worrying incessantly about minor matters - almost anything

45
Q

PTSD

A

Recurring unwanted thoughts, flashbacks, intrusive thoughts, etc.

46
Q

Agoraphobia

A

People with this specific phobia fear being in situations in which escape is difficult to impossible

47
Q

How does OCD come about?

A

Probably through classical conditioning

48
Q

What are the categories of mood disorders?

A

Depressive disorders and bipolar disorders

49
Q

Dysthymia

A

A form of depression that is not severe enough to be diagnosed as major depression but LASTS WAY LONGER THAN MAJOR DEPRESSION

50
Q

Depression is the leading cause of mental disability

A

.

51
Q

What is the most prevalent mental disorder??

A

Depression!!

52
Q

Women internalize their feelings which leads to depression and anxiety and men externalize their feelings with alcohol, drugs, and violence

A

.

53
Q

Bipolar disorder

A

Periods of depression with periods of mania (elevated mood, grandiose ideas, extreme distractibility) and periods of hypomania (heightened creativity and productivity)

54
Q

The genetic component of depression is much weaker than the genetic component of what?

A

Bipolar and schizophrenia

55
Q

What is used to treat depression?

A

SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors)

56
Q

Learned helplessness

A

A cognitive model of depression in which people feel unable to control events in their lives

57
Q

Dissociative disorders

A

Mental disorders that involve disruptions of identity, of memory, and of conscious awareness

58
Q

Dissociative disorders are the result of what?

A

Extreme stress. A person with dissociative disorder has split off a traumatic event in order to protect the self.

59
Q

Dissociative amnesia

A

A person forgets that an event happened or loses awareness of a substantial block of time.

60
Q

In dissociative amnesia, you forget personal facts like your identity

A

.

61
Q

Dissociative fugue

A

A loss of identity and traveling tons new location and sometimes the assumption of a new identity

62
Q

Dissociative identity disorder

A

The occurrence of 2 or more distinct identities in the same individual

63
Q

Who are most people diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder?

A

Women who report being severely abused as children….. Children cope with abuse by pretending it is happening to someone else

64
Q

Psychosis

A

Disconnection from reality

65
Q

Delusions

A

False beliefs based on incorrect inferences about reality

66
Q

Hallucinations

A

False sensory perceptions that are experienced without an external source

67
Q

Loosening of associations

A

A speech pattern among some people with schizophrenia in which their thoughts are disorganized or meaningless

68
Q

Clang associations

A

Stringing together words that rhyme but have no other apparent link

69
Q

Disorganized behavior

A

Acting in strange or unusual ways; including strange movement of limbs, bizarre speech, and inappropriate self care like failing to dress properly and bathe

70
Q

Catatonic schizophrenia

A

Mindlessly repeating words they hear, a behavior called echolalia

71
Q

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Symptoms of schizophrenia that are marked by excesses in functioning such as delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech or behavior

72
Q

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Symptoms of schizophrenia marked by defecits in functioning such as apathy, lack of emotion, slowed speech and movement

73
Q

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Withdrawn, avoid eye contact, long pauses before answering a question,

74
Q

What can be treated the most in schizophrenia?

A

The positive symptoms can be reduced or eliminated with antipsychotic medications, but negative symptoms often persist

75
Q

There is not a set gene for schizophrenia

A

.

76
Q

A combo of genes can cause schizophrenia

A

.

77
Q

Brain structure of schizophrenics?

A

Enlarged ventricles

78
Q

Children who are at risk?

A

Negative moods, weird motor movements, unusual social behavior

79
Q

What can put you at risk for schizophrenia?

A

Growing up in a dysfunctional family

80
Q

Increased stress of urban environments can also trigger schizophrenia

A

.

81
Q

Personality disorder

A

Some people interact with the world in maladaptive and inflexible ways… When this style of interaction is long lasting and causes problems in work or social situations, it becomes a personality disorder

82
Q

What are the types of personality disorders?

A

Paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders

83
Q

What are people with personality disorders like??

A

Reclusive and suspicious and have difficulty forming personal relationships because of their strange behavior and aloofness

84
Q

Anxious or fearful personality disorders

A

Obsessive compulsive, avoidant, dependent - these disorders share some characteristics of anxiety disorders, but personality disorders refer to general ways of interacting with others and responding to events

85
Q

Dramatic, emotional, or erratic personality disorders

A

Histrionic, narcissistic, borderline, antisocial.

86
Q

Personality disorders are extreme versions of normal personality traits so that makes them controversial

A

..

87
Q

There is overlap between personality disorders

A

.

88
Q

Personality disorders do not affect daily life as much as clinical disorders

A

.

89
Q

Borderline personality disorder

A

Characterized by disturbances in identity, in affect, and in impulse control. They are on the borderline of normal and psychotic. They lack a strong sense of self, cannot tolerate being alone, and have a fear of abandonment. They desperately need an exclusive and dependent relationship with another person. They are emotionally unstable and have shifts from one mood to another. They are impulsive. Binge-eating and purging! Self mutilation is most commonly associated with borderline personality disorder. They show sleep abnormalities. Overly sensitive to others’ reactions.

90
Q

Psychopath

A

A grandiose sense of self worth, manipulativeness, people with psychopathic tendencies kill preplanned. Not impulsively.

91
Q

Antisocial personality disorder

A

A personality disorder marked by lack of empathy and remorse. People with antisocial personality disorder break the law, act irresponsibly, and feel a lack of remorse for their behavior. They are hedonistic (pleasure seeking) seeking immediate gratifications

92
Q

Difference between antisocial personality disorder and psychopath

A

Psychopaths have a grandiose sense of self worth and more manipulative qualities whereas someone with antisocial personality disorder just has a lack of remorse and empathy

93
Q

How many prisoners have antisocial personality disorder?

A

Approximately 50 percent of the prison population

94
Q

People with antisocial personality disorder have a low level of arousal which is why they seek out risky crazy behaviors

A

.

95
Q

Antisocial personality disorder

A

These ppl engage in socially undesirable behavior, are hedonistic and impulsive, and lack empathy for others

96
Q

Autistic disorders

A

A developmental disorder characterized by deficits in social interaction, impaired communication, and restricted interests

97
Q

More males are autistic

A

.

98
Q

Autism spectrum disorders

A

Covers the range of symptoms of autistic disorder

99
Q

Asperger’s syndrome

A

Normal intelligence but impaired social interaction

100
Q

Autistic babies don’t hold eye contact

A

.

101
Q

Verbal and nonverbal communication is impaired in autistic kids

A

.

102
Q

Pronoun reversal

A

When children with autism replace “I” with “you”

103
Q

Children with autism are oblivious to people around them but are acutely aware of their surroundings

A

.

104
Q

Any changes in daily routine upset people with autism

A

.

105
Q

Some think that autism happens when you have introverted, meticulous, insensitive, highly intellectual parents

A

.

106
Q

Gene mutations play a role with autism

A

.

107
Q

Autistic people have trouble with mirror neurons and have trouble learning through observation

A

.

108
Q

Attention defecits disorder

A

A disorder characterized by restlessness, inattentiveness, and impulsivity

Psychology (6 decks)

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