Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders

Question 1

A syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognitions, emotion regulation, or behavior

Answer 1

Psychological Disorder

Question 2

The concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.

Answer 2

Medical Model of Mental Disorders

Question 3

The study of the molecular mechanisms by which environments can influence genetic expression (without a DNA change)

Answer 3

Epigenetics

Question 4

The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders

Answer 4

DSM-5

Question 5

Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

Answer 5

Anxiety Disorders

Question 6

An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.

Answer 6

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Question 7

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person may experience terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations; often followed by worry over a possible next attack.

Answer 7

Panic Disorder

Question 8

An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation.

Answer 8

Specific Phobias

Question 9

A disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both.

Answer 9

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Question 10

A disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for 4 weeks or more after a traumatic experience.

Answer 10

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Question 11

A psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause.

Answer 11

Somatic Symptom Disorder

Question 12

A disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease. (Formerly called hypochondriasis.)

Answer 12

Illness Anxiety Disorder

Question 13

A disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drug use or a medical condition, 2 or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure.

Answer 13

Major Depressive Disorder

Question 14

A group of disorders in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.

Answer 14

Bipolar Disorders

Question 15

A hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgment is common.

Answer 15

Mania

Question 16

Compulsive fretting; overthinking our problems and their causes

Answer 16

Rumination

Question 17

A disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression

Answer 17

Schizophrenia

Question 18

A group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality.

Answer 18

Psychotic Disorders

Question 19

A false belief, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.

Answer 19

Delusions

Question 20

A form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood. As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten.

Answer 20

Chronic Schizophrenia

Question 21

A form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to a traumatic event, and from which recovery is much more likely.

Answer 21

Acute Schizophrenia

Question 22

Controversial, rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.

Answer 22

Dissociative Disorders

Question 23

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating identities. (Formerly called multiple personality disorder.)

Answer 23

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Question 24

Inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.

Answer 24

Personality Disorders

Question 25

A personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist

Answer 25

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Question 26

An eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight, and has an inaccurate self-perception; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise.

Answer 26

Anorexia Nervosa

Question 27

An eating disorder in which a person’s binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) is followed by inappropriate weight-loss-promoting behavior, such as vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.

Answer 27

Bulimia Nervosa

Question 28

Significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory behavior that marks bulimia nervosa.

Answer 28

Binge-Eating Disorder

Question 29

Central nervous system abnormalities (usually in the brain) that start in childhood and alter thinking and behavior (as in intellectual limitations or a psychological disorder)

Answer 29

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Question 30

A condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence test score of 70 or below and difficulty adapting to the demands of life.

Answer 30

Intellectual Disability

Question 31

A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by limitations in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors.

Answer 31

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Question 32

A psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity

Answer 32

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder