Chapter 12: Social Psychology

Question 1

The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

Answer 1

Social Psychology

Question 2

The theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition

Answer 2

Attribution Theory

Question 3

The tendency for observers, when analyzing other’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

Answer 3

Fundamental Attribution Error

Question 4

Feelings, often influences by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.

Answer 4

Attitudes

Question 5

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

Answer 5

Foot-in-the-door Phenomenon

Question 6

A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

Answer 6

Role

Question 7

The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes.

Answer 7

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Question 8

Occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness.

Answer 8

Peripheral Route Persuasion

Question 9

Occurs when interested people’s thinking is influenced by considering evidence and arguements.

Answer 9

Central Route Persuasion

Question 10

Understood rules for accepted and expected behavior.

Answer 10

Norms

Question 11

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

Answer 11

Culture

Question 12

Places with clearly defined and reliably imposed norms

Answer 12

Tight Cultures

Question 13

Places with flexible and informal norms

Answer 13

Loose Cultures

Question 14

Adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

Answer 14

Conformity

Question 15

Influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.

Answer 15

Normative Social Influence

Question 16

Influence resulting from a person’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality.

Answer 16

Informational Social Influence

Question 17

In the presence of others, improves performance on simple or well-learned tasks, and worsened performance on difficult tasks.

Answer 17

Social Facilitation

Question 18

The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.

Answer 18

Social Loafing

Question 19

The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

Answer 19

Deindividuation

Question 20

The enhancement of a groups’ prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

Answer 20

Group Polarization

Question 21

The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

Answer 21

Groupthink

Question 22

An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members. Generally involves negative emotions, stereotyped beliefs, and a predisposition to discriminatory action

Answer 22

Prejudice

Question 23

A generalized belief about a group of people

Answer 23

Stereotype

Question 24

Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members

Answer 24

Discrimination

Question 25

The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

Answer 25

Just-world Phenomenon

Question 26

People with whom we share a common identity

Answer 26

Ingroup

Question 27

Those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

Answer 27

Outgroup

Question 28

The tendency to favor our own group

Answer 28

Ingroup Bias

Question 29

The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

Answer 29

Scapegoat Theory

Question 30

The tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races.

Answer 30

Other-race Effect

Question 31

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

Answer 31

Aggression

Question 32

The principle that frustration creates anger, with can generate aggression

Answer 32

Frustration-Aggression Principle

Question 33

A culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

Answer 33

Social Scripts

Question 34

Behavior that intends to help or benefit someone

Answer 34

Prosocial Behavior

Question 35

The tendency for repeated exposure to novel stimuli to increase our liking of them

Answer 35

Mere Exposure Effect

Question 36

An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a romantic relationship

Answer 36

Passionate Love

Question 37

The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

Answer 37

Companionate Love

Question 38

A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.

Answer 38

Equity

Question 39

The act of revealing intimate aspects or ourselves to others

Answer 39

Self-disclosure

Question 40

Unselfish regard for the welfare of others

Answer 40

Altruism

Question 41

The tendency for any give bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

Answer 41

Bystander Effect

Question 42

The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

Answer 42

Social Exchange Theory

Question 43

An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

Answer 43

Reciprocity Norm

Question 44

An expectation that people will help those needing their help

Answer 44

Social-Responsibility Norm

Question 45

A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

Answer 45

Conflict

Question 46

A situation in which two parties, by each pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

Answer 46

Social Traps

Question 47

Mutual views often held by conflicting parties, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive

Answer 47

Mirror-Image Perceptions

Question 48

A belief that leads to it s own fulfilment

Answer 48

Self-Fulfilling Prophecies

Question 49

Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

Answer 49

Superordinate Goals

Question 50

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension Reduction- a strategy designed to decrease international tensions

Answer 50

GRIT