Chapter 14 - Personaility

Question 1

Fundamental Attribution Error

Answer 1

The tendency to attribute too much of others behavior to their dispositions, including their personalities and not enough to the situations they conflict

Question 2

Personailty

Answer 2

People’s typical ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving

Question 3

Traits

Answer 3

Predispositions that influence our behaviors across many situations

Question 4

Nomothetic Approach

Answer 4

Strives to understand personality by identifying general laws that govern the behavior of all individuals

Question 5

Idiographic Approach

Answer 5

Strives to understand personality by identifying the unquie configuration of characteristics and life history experiences with in a person

Question 6

Behavior-Genetic Methods

Answer 6

Twin Studies and Environmental Studies

Shared Environment has little to no role in adult personality

Question 7

Adoption Studies

Answer 7

Permit investigators to separate the effects of genes and environment by examining children who were separated at an early age from biological families

Question 8

Socialability

Answer 8

The extent to which people enjoy being with others

Question 9

Molecular Genetic Studies

Answer 9

Allows researchers to pinpoint those genes associated with specific personality traits

Question 10

Sigmund Freud (1856-1989)

Answer 10

• Believed mental disorders were physiologically caused

- Mental disorders were produced psychologically rather than physiologically

Question 11

Id, Ego, Super Ego

Answer 11

Id: Basic Instincts
Ego: The Boss
Super Ego: Moral Standards

Question 12

Defense Mechanisms

Answer 12

Unconscious maneuvers intended to minimize anxiety

• Repression
• Denial
• Regression
• Reaction Formation
• Projection
• Displacement
• Rationalization
• Sublimation

Question 13

Neo-Freudians

Answer 13

Alfred Adles, Carl Jung, Karen Horney
Similarities: Unconscious Process, Importance of childhood experiences
Differences: Less emphasis on sexuality more on social drives, optimistic about personality change

Question 14

Behavioral Learning Approach

Answer 14

Adopt behavior that have been associated with good outcomes

Question 15

Social Learning Approach

Answer 15

Personality development also involves thought and cognition

Question 16

Humanistic Approach

Answer 16

• Self-Actualization
• Free will
• Optimistic about human nature
• Foundation for the study of positive psychology

Question 17

Hans Eyesenck

Answer 17

• Differences caused by genes, neurochemistry
• Genes (arousal, sensitive to simulation, personalty, cognition, behavior)
• 3 dimensions of personality
  1) Neuroticism- prone to fell negative
  2) Extraversion- Outgoingness
  3) Psychotism- How much people care about other people, agressive

Question 18

The Big 5 Model

Answer 18

Openness to experieince
Conscientiousness
Extroversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

Question 19

Factor Analysis

Answer 19

Analyzes the correlations among responses on personality measures to identify underlying “factors”that give rise to correaltions

Question 20

Implicit Personality Theories

Answer 20

Intuitive ideas concerning personality traits and their associations with behavior

Question 21

Anthropomorphunzing

Answer 21

Unintentionally imposing there implicit personality theories on chimpanzees

Question 22

Individualism-Collectivism

Answer 22

People from largely individualistic cultures tend to focus on themselves and their personal goals, where as people from largely collective cultures tend to focus their realations with others

Question 23

Basic Tendencies

Answer 23

Underlying personality traits

Question 24

Characteristic Adapations

Answer 24

Behavioral manifestions

Question 25

Sensation Seeking

Answer 25

The tendency to seek out new and exciting stimuli

Question 26

Physiognomy

Answer 26

Detect people’s personality traits from their facial charteristics

Question 27

Structured Personality Test

Answer 27

Paper-and-pencil tests consisting that respondents answer in one of a few fixed ways

Question 28

Projective Tests

Answer 28

Examinees interpret or make sense of ambiguous stimuli

Question 29

Projective Hypothesis

Answer 29

Assumes that in the process of interpreting ambiguous stimuli people inevitable project aspects of their personality onto these stimuli

Question 30

Graphology

Answer 30

The psychological interoperation of handwriting

Question 31

Personal Validation

Answer 31

The use of subjective judgments of accuracy

Question 32

Sentence Completion Tests

Answer 32

Asks respondents to complete a sentence

Question 33

Illusory Correlation

Answer 33

The perception of non existent statistical associations between variables