Chapter 14 - Personaility Flashcards
Fundamental Attribution Error
The tendency to attribute too much of others behavior to their dispositions, including their personalities and not enough to the situations they conflict
Personailty
People’s typical ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving
Traits
Predispositions that influence our behaviors across many situations
Nomothetic Approach
Strives to understand personality by identifying general laws that govern the behavior of all individuals
Idiographic Approach
Strives to understand personality by identifying the unquie configuration of characteristics and life history experiences with in a person
Behavior-Genetic Methods
Twin Studies and Environmental Studies
Shared Environment has little to no role in adult personality
Adoption Studies
Permit investigators to separate the effects of genes and environment by examining children who were separated at an early age from biological families
Socialability
The extent to which people enjoy being with others
Molecular Genetic Studies
Allows researchers to pinpoint those genes associated with specific personality traits
Sigmund Freud (1856-1989)
- Believed mental disorders were physiologically caused
- Mental disorders were produced psychologically rather than physiologically
Id, Ego, Super Ego
Id: Basic Instincts
Ego: The Boss
Super Ego: Moral Standards
Defense Mechanisms
Unconscious maneuvers intended to minimize anxiety
- Repression
- Denial
- Regression
- Reaction Formation
- Projection
- Displacement
- Rationalization
- Sublimation
Neo-Freudians
Alfred Adles, Carl Jung, Karen Horney
Similarities: Unconscious Process, Importance of childhood experiences
Differences: Less emphasis on sexuality more on social drives, optimistic about personality change
Behavioral Learning Approach
Adopt behavior that have been associated with good outcomes
Social Learning Approach
Personality development also involves thought and cognition
Humanistic Approach
- Self-Actualization
- Free will
- Optimistic about human nature
- Foundation for the study of positive psychology
Hans Eyesenck
- Differences caused by genes, neurochemistry
- Genes (arousal, sensitive to simulation, personalty, cognition, behavior)
- 3 dimensions of personality
1) Neuroticism- prone to fell negative
2) Extraversion- Outgoingness
3) Psychotism- How much people care about other people, agressive
The Big 5 Model
Openness to experieince Conscientiousness Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
Factor Analysis
Analyzes the correlations among responses on personality measures to identify underlying “factors”that give rise to correaltions
Implicit Personality Theories
Intuitive ideas concerning personality traits and their associations with behavior
Anthropomorphunzing
Unintentionally imposing there implicit personality theories on chimpanzees
Individualism-Collectivism
People from largely individualistic cultures tend to focus on themselves and their personal goals, where as people from largely collective cultures tend to focus their realations with others
Basic Tendencies
Underlying personality traits
Characteristic Adapations
Behavioral manifestions
Sensation Seeking
The tendency to seek out new and exciting stimuli
Physiognomy
Detect people’s personality traits from their facial charteristics
Structured Personality Test
Paper-and-pencil tests consisting that respondents answer in one of a few fixed ways
Projective Tests
Examinees interpret or make sense of ambiguous stimuli
Projective Hypothesis
Assumes that in the process of interpreting ambiguous stimuli people inevitable project aspects of their personality onto these stimuli
Graphology
The psychological interoperation of handwriting
Personal Validation
The use of subjective judgments of accuracy
Sentence Completion Tests
Asks respondents to complete a sentence
Illusory Correlation
The perception of non existent statistical associations between variables
