Chapter 1 - Introduction to Psychology

Question 1

Primary Areas of Study

Answer 1

Biological Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Social Psychology,
Personality Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Abnormal Psychology, Clinical Psychology, Counseling Psychology

Question 2

Interdisciplinary Areas of Study

Answer 2

Cognitive development
Social development
Social cognition
Clinical neuroscience
Social neuroscience
Social, cognitive, and affective neuroscience (SCAN)

Question 3

Applied Areas of Study

Answer 3

School psychologist
Industrial/ organizational
Psychology and the lAW
Health psychology
Sports psychology

Question 4

“Common Sense” Claims

Answer 4

True under some conditions
BUT can’t be true at the same time
“Birds of a feather flock together” VS “Opposites attract”

Question 5

Pseudoscientific Claims

Answer 5

Exaggerated claims
Over reliance on anecdotes
Psychobabble
“Proof” instead of eveidence

Question 6

Major Themes in Psychology

Answer 6

Nature VS. Nurture Debate

Free Will VS. Determinism Debate

Question 7

Nature VS. Nurture Debate

Answer 7

Behaviors caused by our genes/biology (Nature)

OR by our upbringing/ environmental influences (Nurture)

Question 8

Free Will VS. Determinism Debate

Answer 8

Behaviors freely select or are caused by factors outside out control.
Free Will- Control over one’s own behaviors, free to choose
Determinism- lack of control over one’s own behaviors determined by other factors

Question 9

Individual Differences

Answer 9

Explains why each person responds different ways to the same objective situation

Question 10

Reciprocal Determinism

Answer 10

The fact we mutually influence each other’s behaviors

Question 11

Native Realism

Answer 11

Belief that we see the world precisely as it is

Question 12

Empiricism

Answer 12

Premise that knowledge should initially be acquired through observtation

Question 13

Scientific Theory

Answer 13

An explanation for a large number of findings in the natural world

Question 14

Hypothesis

Answer 14

Testable prediction

Question 15

Confirmation Bias

Answer 15

The tendency to seek out evidence that supports our beliefs and deny, dismiss, or distort evidence that contradicts them.

Question 16

Belief Perseverance

Answer 16

The tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them

Question 17

Metaphysical Claims

Answer 17

Assertions about the world that we can’t test

Question 18

Pseudoscience

Answer 18

Set of claims that seems scientific but isnt

Question 19

Ad Hoc Immunization Hypothesis

Answer 19

An escape hatch or loophole that defenders use to protect theory from being disproven

Question 20

Terror Mangement Theory

Answer 20

Awareness of out own inevitable death leaves many w a sense of fear

Question 21

Emotional Reason Fallacy

Answer 21

The error of using our emotions as guides for evaluating the validity of a claim

Question 22

Bandwagon Fallacy

Answer 22

The error of assuming that a claim is correct just because many believe it

Question 23

Not Me Fallacy

Answer 23

The error of believing that we’re immune from errors in thinking that afflict other people

Question 24

Bias Blind Spot

Answer 24

Most people are unaware of their biases but keenly aware of them in others

Question 25

Evolutionary Psychology

Answer 25

Applies to Darwin’s Theory of natural selection to human and animal behavior

Question 26

Basic Research

Answer 26

Examines how the mind works

Question 27

Applied Research

Answer 27

How we can use basic research to solve real world problems