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PS271 Final > CHAPTER 14: Learning, Motivation, Emotion, Thinking > Flashcards

CHAPTER 14: Learning, Motivation, Emotion, Thinking Flashcards

1
Q

Is behaviourism overt or covert?

A

overt

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2
Q

Functional Analysis

A

behaviour is a function of the environment of person/animal that performs it

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3
Q

Habituation

A

decrease in response to stimuli after repeated applications

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4
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

unconditioned response (ie. saliva) naturally elicited by one stimulus (ie. food) becomes elicited by new, conditioned stimulus (ie. bell)

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5
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

nothing one does matters, from random and unpredictable reward and punishment

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6
Q

Respondent Conditioning

A

Skinner’s term for classical conditioning

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7
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Skinner’s term for the process of learning; individual behaviour shaped by behaviour of environment

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8
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A
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9
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A
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10
Q

Self-efficacy

A

degree of belief of being able to accomplish a goal if one tries

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11
Q

Self-concept

A

person’s knowledge and opinions of themselves

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12
Q

Observational Learning

A

learning a behaviour by watching someone else do it

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13
Q

Goals

A

desired end state directing perception, thought, and behaviour

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14
Q

Strategies

A

sequence of activities directed toward a goal

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15
Q

Entity Theories

A

Dweck - abilities are fixed and unchangeable

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16
Q

Incremental Theories

A

Dweck - abilities increase with experience and practice

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17
Q

Procedural Knowledge

A

what a person knows but cannot really talk about

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18
Q

Emotional Intelligence

A

ability to perceive emotions accurately in self and others and control one’s own emotions

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19
Q

Cognitive Control

A

using rational thinking to regulate one’s own emotions and control reactions to emotional feelings

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20
Q

What does CAPS stand for?

A

Cognitive affective personality system

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21
Q

What does BEATS stand for?

A

beliefs, emotions, action, tendencies

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22
Q

What is personality as a verb?

A

something an individual does as well as something the individual has

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23
Q

What is learning (behaviourism)?

A

change in behaviour as a result of experience

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24
Q

Behaviourism is the way that overt behaviour can be affected by ______ and ________.

A

rewards and punishments

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25
Q

What is the more modern variant of behaviourism?

A

social learning approach

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26
Q

What is the simplest kind of learning?

A

habituation

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27
Q

what is thought to be the basis of depression?

A

learned helplessness

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28
Q

What is Skinner’s term for classical conditioning

A

respondent conditioning

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29
Q

What is Skinner’s term for the process of learning?

A

operant conditioning

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30
Q

According to Norem, defensive pessimists follow the …

A

motivational strategy of imagining the worst outcomes and seeking to avoid them

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31
Q

learning-based approaches come in 2 varieties:

A

behaviourism and social learning theories

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32
Q

Would behaviourists think the person or the situation is a determinant of behaviour?

A

situation

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33
Q

Do behaviourists believe knowledge comes from inside or outside?

A

Outside; direct public observation

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34
Q

Does personality include traits?

A

No

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35
Q

According to behaviourism, does personality involve anything that cannot be directly observed?

A

No

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36
Q

What does environment refer to in behaviourism?

A

rewards and punishments in the physical and social world

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37
Q

The goal of behaviourism is a _________ ________ of how behaviour is a product of the environmental situation

A

functional analysis

38
Q

What are behaviourists 3 types of learning?

A

habituation, classical (or respondent) conditioning, and operant conditioning

39
Q

T/F: habituation can happen in single-neuron or single-celled animals

A

True

40
Q

What is affective forecasting?

A

people overestimate the emotional impact of future events (both good and bad)

41
Q

What does S-R stand for?

A

stimulus response

42
Q

Pavlow studies dogs, thorndike studied _____

A

Cats

43
Q

Pavlov’s dogs was _____ conditioning

A

respondent/classical

44
Q

Thorndike’s cats was _____ conditioning

A

operant

45
Q

What differentiates respondent/classical conditioning from operant conditioning? IE. Pavlov’s dogs vs. Thorndike’s cats

A

having to perform an action; operate its world to change to the animal’s advantage

46
Q

Skinner performed learning experiments on which type of animal?

A

rats and pigeons

47
Q

Kohler studied which kind of animal?

A

chimpanzees

48
Q

What are the 4 shortcomings of behaviourism?

A
  1. ignores thinking, motivation, and emotion.
  2. research using animals
  3. ignores social dimensions of learning
  4. treats animal or person as passive - fixed environment
49
Q

What is internal locus of control?

A

degree people think they can control an outcome

50
Q

Bandura’s theory involves _____ ____

A

self efficacy

51
Q

______ ______ affects efficacy expectation

A

self concept

52
Q

Bandura thought that the goal of psychotherapy should be to improve ____ ______

A

self efficacy

53
Q

modeling

A

client watching someone else accomplish desired behaviour

54
Q

Bandura’s bobo doll experiment was an example of _______ _______

A

observational learning

55
Q

What are idiographic goals?

A

goals that are unique to the individuals who pursue them

56
Q

What are nomothetic goals?

A

essential motivations that almost everyone pursues

57
Q

According to McClelland, which 3 primary motivations drive human behaviour?

A

need for achievement, need for affiliation (intimacy), need for power

58
Q

What is achievement motivation

A

directing thoughts and behaviours toward excellence

59
Q

What is affiliation motivation?

A

directing thoughts and behaviours towed emotional relationships

60
Q

What is power motivation?

A

directing thoughts and behaviours toward strength an influencing others

61
Q

What motivation is associated with promiscuity in sexual behaviour?

A

power motivation

62
Q

What are Emmons’ 5 categories of goals that repeatedly emerge?

A

enjoyment, self-assertion, esteem, interpersonal success, avoidance of negative affect

63
Q

What are carol dweck’s 2 goals?

A

judgement goals, development goals

64
Q

What are Dweck’s judgement goals?

A

validating one’s attribute

65
Q

What are Dweck’s development goals?

A

desire to improve oneself

66
Q

What is a mastery-oriented pattern (Dweck)?

A

responding to failure by trying harder

67
Q

What is the helpless pattern (Dweck)?

A

responding to failure by giving up

68
Q

(Dweck) Entity is followed by –> _______ –> ___________

A

judgement, helplessness

69
Q

(Dweck) Incremental is followed by – > ________ –> _______

A

development, mastery

70
Q

Dweck’s entity and incremental theory is tested with __ Data

A

S data

71
Q

Procedural knowledge is from the perspective of _______ psychology

A

cognitive

72
Q

An emotion is a set of ________ and ________ procedures

A

mental and physical

73
Q

What are the 5 basic stages of emotion?

A

appraisal, physical response, facial expression, nonverbal behaviours, motives

74
Q

What are the 3 sources of emotion?

A

immediate stimuli, classical conditioning, thoughts of memories

75
Q

What are Ekman’s 6 core emotions?

A

happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, disgst

76
Q

What are the “big three” of emotions?

A

positive, negative, neutral

77
Q

What are circumplex models useful for?

A

comparing emotions along 2 dimensions (ie. happy/sad, anxious/calm, active/passive)

78
Q

Are men or women generally higher in affect intensity?

A

Women

79
Q

People high in emotional intelligence tend to be ______ emotionally expressive, have _____ relationships, and tend to be ___________.

A

more, better, optimistic

80
Q

What is alexithymia?

A

little emotional awareness and unable to think or talk about their own feelings

81
Q

cognitive control may be due to differences in biological structure such as the ______ _________

A

prefrontal cortex

82
Q

What did Mischel believe about personality?

A

personality traits are not important; situations are powerful determinants of behaviour

83
Q

Who introduced CAPS?

A

Mischel

84
Q

Who introduced BEATS?

A

Dweck

85
Q

What is CAPS?

A

a system that mediates how individuals select, contrue, and process social information and generates behaviour

86
Q

What was the goal of Mischel’s if…then contingencies?

A

to replace personality traits

87
Q

What is the main advantage of the if…then contingency?

A

specificity; contrasts situations

88
Q

What is Dweck’s BEATS theory?

A

personality emerges from an individual’s mental representations of the beliefs, emotions, and action tendencies (BEATS) relevant to their goals

89
Q

What are Dweck’s 3 basic needs? and what do those needs achieve?

A

predicatbility, acceptance, competence

self-coherence/meaning in life

90
Q

Who refers to being a verb?

A

Fuller

91
Q

Who says that personality is a verb?

A

Nancy Cantor

PS271 Final (4 decks)

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