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PS271 Final > CHAPTER 14: Learning, Motivation, Emotion, Thinking > Flashcards

CHAPTER 14: Learning, Motivation, Emotion, Thinking Flashcards

1
Q

Is behaviourism overt or covert?

A

overt

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2
Q

Functional Analysis

A

behaviour is a function of the environment of person/animal that performs it

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3
Q

Habituation

A

decrease in response to stimuli after repeated applications

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4
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

unconditioned response (ie. saliva) naturally elicited by one stimulus (ie. food) becomes elicited by new, conditioned stimulus (ie. bell)

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5
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

nothing one does matters, from random and unpredictable reward and punishment

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6
Q

Respondent Conditioning

A

Skinner’s term for classical conditioning

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7
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Skinner’s term for the process of learning; individual behaviour shaped by behaviour of environment

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8
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A
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9
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A
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10
Q

Self-efficacy

A

degree of belief of being able to accomplish a goal if one tries

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11
Q

Self-concept

A

person’s knowledge and opinions of themselves

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12
Q

Observational Learning

A

learning a behaviour by watching someone else do it

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13
Q

Goals

A

desired end state directing perception, thought, and behaviour

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14
Q

Strategies

A

sequence of activities directed toward a goal

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15
Q

Entity Theories

A

Dweck - abilities are fixed and unchangeable

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16
Q

Incremental Theories

A

Dweck - abilities increase with experience and practice

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17
Q

Procedural Knowledge

A

what a person knows but cannot really talk about

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18
Q

Emotional Intelligence

A

ability to perceive emotions accurately in self and others and control one’s own emotions

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19
Q

Cognitive Control

A

using rational thinking to regulate one’s own emotions and control reactions to emotional feelings

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20
Q

What does CAPS stand for?

A

Cognitive affective personality system

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21
Q

What does BEATS stand for?

A

beliefs, emotions, action, tendencies

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22
Q

What is personality as a verb?

A

something an individual does as well as something the individual has

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23
Q

What is learning (behaviourism)?

A

change in behaviour as a result of experience

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24
Q

Behaviourism is the way that overt behaviour can be affected by ______ and ________.

A

rewards and punishments

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25
What is the more modern variant of behaviourism?
social learning approach
26
What is the simplest kind of learning?
habituation
27
what is thought to be the basis of depression?
learned helplessness
28
What is Skinner's term for classical conditioning
respondent conditioning
29
What is Skinner's term for the process of learning?
operant conditioning
30
According to Norem, defensive pessimists follow the ...
motivational strategy of imagining the worst outcomes and seeking to avoid them
31
learning-based approaches come in 2 varieties:
behaviourism and social learning theories
32
Would behaviourists think the person or the situation is a determinant of behaviour?
situation
33
Do behaviourists believe knowledge comes from inside or outside?
Outside; direct public observation
34
Does personality include traits?
No
35
According to behaviourism, does personality involve anything that cannot be directly observed?
No
36
What does environment refer to in behaviourism?
rewards and punishments in the physical and social world
37
The goal of behaviourism is a _________ ________ of how behaviour is a product of the environmental situation
functional analysis
38
What are behaviourists 3 types of learning?
habituation, classical (or respondent) conditioning, and operant conditioning
39
T/F: habituation can happen in single-neuron or single-celled animals
True
40
What is affective forecasting?
people overestimate the emotional impact of future events (both good and bad)
41
What does S-R stand for?
stimulus response
42
Pavlow studies dogs, thorndike studied _____
Cats
43
Pavlov's dogs was _____ conditioning
respondent/classical
44
Thorndike's cats was _____ conditioning
operant
45
What differentiates respondent/classical conditioning from operant conditioning? IE. Pavlov's dogs vs. Thorndike's cats
having to perform an action; operate its world to change to the animal's advantage
46
Skinner performed learning experiments on which type of animal?
rats and pigeons
47
Kohler studied which kind of animal?
chimpanzees
48
What are the 4 shortcomings of behaviourism?
1. ignores thinking, motivation, and emotion. 2. research using animals 3. ignores social dimensions of learning 4. treats animal or person as passive - fixed environment
49
What is internal locus of control?
degree people think they can control an outcome
50
Bandura's theory involves _____ ____
self efficacy
51
______ ______ affects efficacy expectation
self concept
52
Bandura thought that the goal of psychotherapy should be to improve ____ ______
self efficacy
53
modeling
client watching someone else accomplish desired behaviour
54
Bandura's bobo doll experiment was an example of _______ _______
observational learning
55
What are idiographic goals?
goals that are unique to the individuals who pursue them
56
What are nomothetic goals?
essential motivations that almost everyone pursues
57
According to McClelland, which 3 primary motivations drive human behaviour?
need for achievement, need for affiliation (intimacy), need for power
58
What is achievement motivation
directing thoughts and behaviours toward excellence
59
What is affiliation motivation?
directing thoughts and behaviours towed emotional relationships
60
What is power motivation?
directing thoughts and behaviours toward strength an influencing others
61
What motivation is associated with promiscuity in sexual behaviour?
power motivation
62
What are Emmons' 5 categories of goals that repeatedly emerge?
enjoyment, self-assertion, esteem, interpersonal success, avoidance of negative affect
63
What are carol dweck's 2 goals?
judgement goals, development goals
64
What are Dweck's judgement goals?
validating one's attribute
65
What are Dweck's development goals?
desire to improve oneself
66
What is a mastery-oriented pattern (Dweck)?
responding to failure by trying harder
67
What is the helpless pattern (Dweck)?
responding to failure by giving up
68
(Dweck) Entity is followed by --> _______ --> ___________
judgement, helplessness
69
(Dweck) Incremental is followed by -- > ________ --> _______
development, mastery
70
Dweck's entity and incremental theory is tested with __ Data
S data
71
Procedural knowledge is from the perspective of _______ psychology
cognitive
72
An emotion is a set of ________ and ________ procedures
mental and physical
73
What are the 5 basic stages of emotion?
appraisal, physical response, facial expression, nonverbal behaviours, motives
74
What are the 3 sources of emotion?
immediate stimuli, classical conditioning, thoughts of memories
75
What are Ekman's 6 core emotions?
happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, disgst
76
What are the "big three" of emotions?
positive, negative, neutral
77
What are circumplex models useful for?
comparing emotions along 2 dimensions (ie. happy/sad, anxious/calm, active/passive)
78
Are men or women generally higher in affect intensity?
Women
79
People high in emotional intelligence tend to be ______ emotionally expressive, have _____ relationships, and tend to be ___________.
more, better, optimistic
80
What is alexithymia?
little emotional awareness and unable to think or talk about their own feelings
81
cognitive control may be due to differences in biological structure such as the ______ _________
prefrontal cortex
82
What did Mischel believe about personality?
personality traits are not important; situations are powerful determinants of behaviour
83
Who introduced CAPS?
Mischel
84
Who introduced BEATS?
Dweck
85
What is CAPS?
a system that mediates how individuals select, contrue, and process social information and generates behaviour
86
What was the goal of Mischel's if...then contingencies?
to replace personality traits
87
What is the main advantage of the if...then contingency?
specificity; contrasts situations
88
What is Dweck's BEATS theory?
personality emerges from an individual's mental representations of the beliefs, emotions, and action tendencies (BEATS) relevant to their goals
89
What are Dweck's 3 basic needs? and what do those needs achieve?
predicatbility, acceptance, competence self-coherence/meaning in life
90
Who refers to being a verb?
Fuller
91
Who says that personality is a verb?
Nancy Cantor

PS271 Final (4 decks)

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