CHAPTER 13: Cultural Variation

Question 1

What is cross-cultural psychology?

Answer 1

psychological differences between and within cultural groups

Question 2

What is enculturation?

Answer 2

process of socialization, primarily in childhood, into the culture they were born

Question 3

What is acculturation?

Answer 3

New cultural outlook by having contact or living in a culture different than their cultural origin

Question 4

T/F: Psychologists are members of cultures too

Answer 4

True

Question 5

Why are cross-cultural differences important (3)?

Answer 5

increasing international understanding, how psychology applies to people internationally, appreciating variations of human experience

Question 6

80% of psych studies come from WEIRD countries. What does this stand for?

Answer 6

Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic

Question 7

Richard Shweder’s experience-near constructs

Answer 7

most fitting subject matter for cult.psych - colour, emotion, goal, thought perceptions

Question 8

What is meant by etics?

Answer 8

universal idea/concept across all cultures

Question 9

What is meant by emics?

Answer 9

idea/concept specific to a culture

Question 10

Who proposed the tightness-looseness dimension?

Answer 10

Triandis

Question 11

Is it a collectivist or individualistic view that leads to existential anxiety?

Answer 11

Individualistic

Question 12

Within the US, are men or women more collectivist?

Answer 12

Women

Question 13

Are individualistic or collectivist cultures more sociable?

Answer 13

Collectivist

Question 14

Are individualistic or collectivist cultures more likely to experience self-focused emotions (ie. anger)?

Answer 14

Individualistic

Question 15

Are individualistic or collectivist cultures more likely to experience other-oriented emotions (ie. sympathy)?

Answer 15

Collectivist

Question 16

“losing face” applies to which culture?

Answer 16

Collectivist

Question 17

Do individualistic or collectivist cultures describe themselves more accurately?

Answer 17

collectivist

Question 18

Are individualistic or collectivist cultures more consistent in behaviour?

Answer 18

Individualistic

Question 19

Virtical societies

Answer 19

individual people are importantly different

Question 20

Horizontal societies

Answer 20

all persons are essentially equal

Question 21

Angela Leung and Dov Cohen - culture differs on 3 dimensions

Answer 21

honor, face, dignity

Question 22

What culture is associated with dignity?

Answer 22

Western, individualistic

Question 23

What culture is associated with face?

Answer 23

Collectivist

Question 24

Triandis 3 dimensions

Answer 24

Cognitive complexity, cultural tightness, collectivist vs individualist

Question 25

What is cognitive complexity (Triandis)?

Answer 25

cultural complexity of personality trait

Question 26

What is cultural tightness (triandis)?

Answer 26

traits of conscientiousness and intolerance of ambiguity

Question 27

What is the collectivist-individualist distinction

Answer 27

dimension of personal values - focus on indocentrism and allocentrism

Question 28

What is the difference between indocentrism and allocentrism?

Answer 28

the individual is more important than the group (indeocentrism); the group is more important than the individual (allocentrism)

Question 29

What does IRT mean?

Answer 29

item response theory

Question 30

Why is translating personality-trait terms from one language to another hazardous?

Answer 30

can be inexact

Question 31

Holistic perception

Answer 31

explaining events with different perspectives, finding common ground

Question 32

Independent thinking

Answer 32

characteristic formulation of independent and original viewpoints

Question 33

What is deconstructionism?

Answer 33

reality has no meaning apart from what humans make of it

Question 34

What is the ecological approach (Triandis)?

Answer 34

a reciprocal triad of ecology, culture, and mind/behaviour

Question 35

Genetics and culture

Answer 35

cultural differences are learned, not innate

Question 36

What is ethnocentrism?

Answer 36

judging another culture from the point of view of your own

Question 37

What is the outgroup homogeneity bias?

Answer 37

members of groups tend to be “all the same” when they are not from your group

Question 38

Cross-cultural psychology within the basis of phenomenology

Answer 38

phenomenology focus on construals, then we must investigate variation in construals across cultures