chapter 14 inflammation, tissue repair, and wound healing Flashcards
cardianl signs of inflammation
- rubor (redness)
- tumor (swelling)
- calor (heat)
- dolor (pain)
- function laesa (loff of function)
factors involved in protective responses
- inflammatory reaction
- immune response
- tissure repair and wound healing
causes of inflammation
- immune repsonse to infectious microorganisms
- trauma
- surgery
- caustic chemicals
- extremes of heat and cold
- ischemic damage to body tissues
granulomatous inflammation
-associated with foreign bodies such as
+splinters
+sutures
+silica, asbestos
-associated with microorganisms that cause \+TB \+syphilis, sarcoidosis \+deep fungal infections \+brucellosis
vascular changes that may occur with inflammation
- an immediate transient response: occurs with minor injury
- an immediate sustained response: occurs with more serious injury and continues for several days and damages the vessels in the area
- a delayed hemodynamic response: involves an increase in capillary permeability that occurs 4-24 hours after injury
cellular stage of acute inflammation
-marked by movement of phagocytic WBCs into the area of injury
-2 types of leukocytes participate in the acute inflammatory response:
+granylocytes
+monocytes
direction of cellular response
- margination, adhesion transmigration
- cytokines: adhesion molecules
inflammatory mediators
-histamine
-cytokines
-araachidonic acid metabolites
+eicosanoids
- platelet-activating factors
- plasma proteins
classification of inflammatory mediators by function
- those with vasoactive and smooth muscle-constricting properties
- chemtactic factors such as complement fragments and cytokines
- plasma proteases that can activate complement and components of the clotting system
- reactive molecules and cytokines liberated from leukocytes, which when released into the extracellular environment can damage the surrounding tissue
types of inflammatory exudates
-serous exudates
+watery fluids low in protein content
+result from plasma entering the inflammatory site
-hemorrhagic exudates
+occur when there is sever tissue injur that causes damage to blood vessels or when there is significant leakage of RBC from the capillaries
-membranous exudates
+develop on mucous membrane surface
+composed of necrotic cells enmeshed i na fibropurulent exudate
-purulent or suppurative exudates
+contains pus; composed of degraded white blood cells, proteins, and tissue debris
-firbrinous exudates
+contain alrge amounts of fibrinogen and form a thick and sticky meshwork
basic patterns of inflammation
-acute inflammation:
+ of relatively short duration; nonspecific early response to inury
-chronic inflammaton
+longer duration lasting for days to years
chronis versus acute inflammation
-acute inflammation: self-limited and of short duration
+infultration of neutrophils
+exudate
-chronic inflammation-self-perpetuating may last for weeks, months, or even years
+infiltration by nononudear cells and lymphocytes
+proliferation of fibroblasts
most prominent systemic manifestations
- acute-phase response
- alterationsi n WBC count
- fever
- sepsis and septick shock
types of structure of body organs and tissue
-parenchymal
+tissues contain the functioning cells of an organ or body part
-the stromal tissues
+consist of the supporting connective tissues, blood vessels, extracellular matrix, and nerve fibers
types of body cells
-labile
+continue to divide and replicate throughout life, replacing cells that are continually being destroyed
-stable
+normally stop diving when growth ceases
-permanent cells
+cannot undergo mitotic division
healing by primary or secondary intention
- the objective of the healing process if to fill the gap created by tissue destruction and to restore the structural continuity
- primary healing- small, clean wound
- secondary healing- great loss of tissue with contamination
basic components of the extracellular matrix (ECM)
-fibrous structural proteins: collagen and elstain fibers
-water-hydrated gells that permit resilience and lubrcation
+proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid
-adhesive glycoproteins that connect the matrix elements to each other and to cells
+fibronectin and laminin
basic forms of the ECM
-basement membrane: surrounds epithelial, endothelial, and smooth muscle cells
- interstitital matrix
- present in the spaces between cells the connective tissue and between the epithelium and supporting cells of blood vessels
stages of wound healing
- inflammatory phase
- proliferative phase
- maturational or remodeling phase
steps in delepment of new capillary vessel
- proteoltyic degradation of the parent vessel basement membrane
- migration
- proliferation
- maturation
factors regulation the healing process
- action chemical mediators and growth factors that mediate the healing process
- interactions between the extracellular and cell matrix
two phases of scar formatoin
- emigration and proloferation of fibroblasts into the side of injury
- deposition of the ECM by these cells
caused of impaired wound healing
- malnutrition
- imparied blood flow and oxygen delivery
- impaired inflammatory and immune responses
- infection
- wound separation
- foreign bodies
- age effects
