chapter 14 inflammation, tissue repair, and wound healing

Question 1

cardianl signs of inflammation

Answer 1

• rubor (redness)
• tumor (swelling)
• calor (heat)
• dolor (pain)
• function laesa (loff of function)

Question 2

factors involved in protective responses

Answer 2

• inflammatory reaction
• immune response
• tissure repair and wound healing

Question 3

causes of inflammation

Answer 3

• immune repsonse to infectious microorganisms
• trauma
• surgery
• caustic chemicals
• extremes of heat and cold
• ischemic damage to body tissues

Question 4

granulomatous inflammation

Answer 4

-associated with foreign bodies such as
+splinters
+sutures
+silica, asbestos

-associated with microorganisms that cause
  \+TB
  \+syphilis, sarcoidosis
  \+deep fungal infections
  \+brucellosis

Question 5

vascular changes that may occur with inflammation

Answer 5

• an immediate transient response: occurs with minor injury
• an immediate sustained response: occurs with more serious injury and continues for several days and damages the vessels in the area
• a delayed hemodynamic response: involves an increase in capillary permeability that occurs 4-24 hours after injury

Question 6

cellular stage of acute inflammation

Answer 6

-marked by movement of phagocytic WBCs into the area of injury

-2 types of leukocytes participate in the acute inflammatory response:
+granylocytes
+monocytes

Question 7

direction of cellular response

Answer 7

• margination, adhesion transmigration

- cytokines: adhesion molecules

Question 8

inflammatory mediators

Answer 8

-histamine
-cytokines
-araachidonic acid metabolites
+eicosanoids

• platelet-activating factors
• plasma proteins

Question 9

classification of inflammatory mediators by function

Answer 9

• those with vasoactive and smooth muscle-constricting properties
• chemtactic factors such as complement fragments and cytokines
• plasma proteases that can activate complement and components of the clotting system
• reactive molecules and cytokines liberated from leukocytes, which when released into the extracellular environment can damage the surrounding tissue

Question 10

types of inflammatory exudates

Answer 10

-serous exudates
+watery fluids low in protein content
+result from plasma entering the inflammatory site

-hemorrhagic exudates
+occur when there is sever tissue injur that causes damage to blood vessels or when there is significant leakage of RBC from the capillaries

-membranous exudates
+develop on mucous membrane surface
+composed of necrotic cells enmeshed i na fibropurulent exudate

-purulent or suppurative exudates
+contains pus; composed of degraded white blood cells, proteins, and tissue debris

-firbrinous exudates
+contain alrge amounts of fibrinogen and form a thick and sticky meshwork

Question 11

basic patterns of inflammation

Answer 11

-acute inflammation:
+ of relatively short duration; nonspecific early response to inury

-chronic inflammaton
+longer duration lasting for days to years

Question 12

chronis versus acute inflammation

Answer 12

-acute inflammation: self-limited and of short duration
+infultration of neutrophils
+exudate

-chronic inflammation-self-perpetuating may last for weeks, months, or even years
+infiltration by nononudear cells and lymphocytes
+proliferation of fibroblasts

Question 13

most prominent systemic manifestations

Answer 13

• acute-phase response
• alterationsi n WBC count
• fever
• sepsis and septick shock

Question 14

types of structure of body organs and tissue

Answer 14

-parenchymal
+tissues contain the functioning cells of an organ or body part

-the stromal tissues
+consist of the supporting connective tissues, blood vessels, extracellular matrix, and nerve fibers

Question 15

types of body cells

Answer 15

-labile
+continue to divide and replicate throughout life, replacing cells that are continually being destroyed

-stable
+normally stop diving when growth ceases

-permanent cells
+cannot undergo mitotic division

Question 16

healing by primary or secondary intention

Answer 16

• the objective of the healing process if to fill the gap created by tissue destruction and to restore the structural continuity
• primary healing- small, clean wound
• secondary healing- great loss of tissue with contamination

Question 17

basic components of the extracellular matrix (ECM)

Answer 17

-fibrous structural proteins: collagen and elstain fibers

-water-hydrated gells that permit resilience and lubrcation
+proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid

-adhesive glycoproteins that connect the matrix elements to each other and to cells
+fibronectin and laminin

Question 18

basic forms of the ECM

Answer 18

-basement membrane: surrounds epithelial, endothelial, and smooth muscle cells

• interstitital matrix
  
  • present in the spaces between cells the connective tissue and between the epithelium and supporting cells of blood vessels

Question 19

stages of wound healing

Answer 19

• inflammatory phase
• proliferative phase
• maturational or remodeling phase

Question 20

steps in delepment of new capillary vessel

Answer 20

• proteoltyic degradation of the parent vessel basement membrane
• migration
• proliferation
• maturation

Question 21

factors regulation the healing process

Answer 21

• action chemical mediators and growth factors that mediate the healing process
• interactions between the extracellular and cell matrix

Question 22

two phases of scar formatoin

Answer 22

• emigration and proloferation of fibroblasts into the side of injury
• deposition of the ECM by these cells

Question 23

caused of impaired wound healing

Answer 23

• malnutrition
• imparied blood flow and oxygen delivery
• impaired inflammatory and immune responses
• infection
• wound separation
• foreign bodies
• age effects