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pathophysio week 10 > Ch. 12 mechanisms of infectious disease > Flashcards

Ch. 12 mechanisms of infectious disease Flashcards

1
Q

host

A

any orginism capable of supporting the nutritional and physical growth requirements of another organism

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2
Q

infectious disease

A

the disease state brought about by the interaction with another organism

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3
Q

colonization

A

the presence and multiplication of a living organism on or within the host

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4
Q

microflora

A

bacteria inhabiting exposed surfaces of the body

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5
Q

virulence

A

the disease-inducing potential

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6
Q

pathogens

A

microorganism so virulent that they are rarely found in the absence of disease

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7
Q

saprophytes

A

free-living organisms obtaining their growth from dead or decaying organic material from the environment

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8
Q

mutualism

A

an interactino in which the microorganism and the host both derive benefits from the interaction

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9
Q

commensalism

A

an interaction in which colonizing bacteria acquire nutritional needs and shelter but the host body not affected

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10
Q

parastatic relationship

A

only the infecting organism benefits from the relationship

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11
Q

Agents of infectious disease

A
  • Prions
  • viruses
  • bacteria
  • rickettsiaceae
  • chlamydiaceae
  • fungi (eukaryotes)
  • parasites
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12
Q

prions

A
  • protein particles with no nucleic acid or genome

- produces transmissible neurodegeneratice diseases such as creutzfeldt-jacob Disease

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13
Q

Virus

A
  • small pathogens
  • no organized cellular structure
  • consists of protein coat surrounding a nucleic acid core of DNA or RNA
  • they are incapable of replication outside a living cell
  • they use other cells to hide within or replicate
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14
Q

Microorganisms

A

-eukaryotes (fungi)
+membrane-bound nucleus

-Prokaryotes (bacteria)
+the nucleus is not seperated

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15
Q

classification of bacteria

A

-microscopic: rod, round
-stating of the cell:
+gram-positive organisms: purple by crystal violet
+gram-negative: counter stained by safranin

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16
Q

parasites

A

-types: protozoa, helminths, arthropods

-method of infecting:
+ infect and cause dissease on other animal
+animals then transmit it to the humans

17
Q

Rickettsiaceae, anaplasmataceae, chlamydiaceae, coxiella

A
  • organisms that combine the chracteristis of viral and bacterial agents to produce disease in humans
  • like virus’, they are dependent on host cells

-has rigid peptidoglycan cell wall like bacteria
+they produce asexually by cellular division
+they contain RNA and DNA similar to the bacteria

18
Q

classification of infectious disease

A
  • incidence
  • portal of entry
  • source
  • symptoms
  • disease course
  • site of infection
  • virulence factors
19
Q

epidemiology:

A

the study of factors, event, and circumstances that influence the transmission of infectious disease among humans

20
Q

incidence

A

the number of new cases of an infectious disease that occur within a defines population

21
Q

prevalence

A

number of active cases at any given time

22
Q

incidence of disease

A
  • endemic disease: found in a particular geoprapphic region
  • epidemic: abrupt and unexpected increase in the incidence of disease over endemic rates
  • pandemic: spread of disease beyond continental boundaries
23
Q

portals of entry

A
  • penetration
  • direct contact
  • ingestion
  • inhalation
24
Q

source of an infectious disease

A

-location:
+nosocomial: developed in hospitalized pts.
+community acquired: acquired outside of health care facilities

-host: an object substamced from which the infectious agent was acquired (may be endogenous or exogenous)

25
Q

symptomatology

A
  • specific: reflects the site of infection (diarrhea, rash, convulsion, hemorrhagempneumonia)
  • nonspecific: can be shared by a number of diverse infectious disease (symptoms such as fever, myalgia, headache)
  • obvious: predictable patters (chickenpox, measles)
  • covert: may require laboratory testing to detect (hepatits or increase white blood cell count)
26
Q

disease course in infection

A
  • incubation period
  • prodormal stage
  • acute stage
  • convalescent stage
  • resolution stage
27
Q

factors influencing the site of an infectious disease

A
  • type of pathogen
  • portal of entry
  • competence of the host’s immunologic defense system
28
Q

type of antimicrobial agents

A
  • antibacterial agents
  • antiviral agents
  • antifungal agents
  • antiparasitic agents
29
Q

drug resistance

A 
-bacterial resistance mechanisms:
  \+inactivate antibiotics
  \+genetically alter antibiotic binding sites
  \+bypass antibiotic activity
  \+changes in the bacterial cell wall

-antiviral resistance mechanisms
+nuceoloside analogs
+protease inhibitors

30
Q

intravenous immunoglobulin and cytokine therapy

A
  • supplementing or stimulating the host’s immune response so that the spread of a pathogen is limited or reversed
  • pathogen-specific antibodies given to the patient as an infusion to facilitate neutralization, phagocytosis, and clearance of infectious agents above and beyond the capabilities of the diseased host
31
Q

criteria for diagnosis of an infectious disease

A

+the recovery of a probably pathogen or evidence of its presence from the infected sites of a disease host

+accurate documentation of clinical signs an symptoms compatible with an infectious process

32
Q

technique for laboratory diagnosis of an infectious agent

A
  • culture
  • serology or detection of characteristic antigens
  • genomic sequences or metabolites produced by the pathogen
33
Q

categories of virulence factors

A
  • toxins
  • adhesion factors
  • evasive factors
  • invasive factors
34
Q

nonpharmacological intervention

A

-surgical interventions
+providing access to an infected site by antimicrobial agents (drainage of an abscess)

+cleaning of the sire (debridement)

+removing infected organs or tissie (appendectomy)

35
Q

antibiotic mechanisms

A
  • interference with a specific step in bacterial cell wall synthesis
  • inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis
  • interruption of bacterial nucleic acid synthesis
  • interference with normal bacterial metabolism
36
Q

classification of antibiotic action

A
  • bactericidal: if it causes irreversible and lethal damage to the bacterial pathogen
  • bacteriostatic: if its inhibitory effects on bacterial growth are reversed are reversed when the agent is eliminated
37
Q

classification and target site of antibacterial agents

A
  • penicillins= cell wall
  • cephalosprins=cell wall
  • monobactams=cellwall
  • aminoglycosides= ribosomes
  • tetracyclines=ribosomes
  • macroslides=ribosomes
  • sulfonamides=folic acis synthesis
  • glycopeptides=ribosomes
  • quinolones=DNA synthesis
38
Q

weapons of bioterrorism

A

-category A agents:
+plague, tularemia, smallpox, hemorrhagic fever viruses

-category B agents:
 \+agenst of food-borne and water-borne diseases
 \+agents of zoonotic infections
 \+ciral encephalitides
 \+toxins from castor bean
-category C agents
 \+myobacterium tuberculosis
 \+nipah virus and hantavirus
\+tick-borne and yellow fever viruses
 \+cryptosporidium parvum

pathophysio week 10 (4 decks)

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