Chapter 14: Health Promotion Flashcards
What is health promotion and its two main approaches?
is any event, process or activity that facilitates the protection or improvement of the health status of individuals, groups, communities or populations.
- Informed by the Ottawa charter
- Accused of promoting ‘Healthism’
Two main approaches – (1) health behaviour approach
(2) community development approach
What is the health behaviour approach?
Individual behaviour - people are rational decision makers
Solution - health education will make people more informed = people are responsible for their choices
What is the community development approach?
Considers broader social, economic, cultural, political determinants of health; Individual health as being situated within larger context
Solution - Develop more socially collective strategies to promoting health and critiquing the social determinants of health improved health
What are McLeroys 4 forms of community
- Setting
- Target
- A Resource
- Agent
What are Howarths 4 dimensions of society?
- Source of social knowledge
- Basis for common identities
- Means of marginalization and social exclusion
- Resource for empowerment - personal ad social transformation
Describe community psych in south america
A more political context
Community psych influenced by:
-Liberation theology
- Critical literacy
Paulo Friere
- Banking model vs. critical model of education
North American in the 60s…
Reacting against clinical psychology:
- Its focus on testing and individual psychotherapy
- Its use of the medical model of diagnosis and testing
North America in the 70s….
Accommodating approach
- Adopted mainstream methods of “scientific inquiry”
- Concerned with evaluation of community-based social interventions
- Tended to become integrated into the practices of an unjust society
- Perpetuated stereotypes about already marginalized communities
North America Today…
Reaffirms transformational values
- Attempts to connect with other critical movements
Emphasis on resisting oppression and promoting well-being & liberation
5 Social values for community psych
(1) Awareness of the political dimensions of human problems & concern to promote an empowerment approach (self-determination, power sharing)
(2) Commitment to participate in broader social movements for justice
(3) An emotional commitment to social change by adopting a “preferential option” for the poor and marginalized
(4) A concern with promoting health and preventing disease and distress
(5) Respect for diversity
What are some community health approaches?
- Peer education
- Popular theatre
- Skits
- Games
- Art
- Media
What are 3 approaches to understanding community participation?
(1) Focus on immediate & practical problems and successes
(2) Focus on forms and complexities of participation
(3) Focus on identity, shared knowledge, and power
Participation as involvement
- All forms of participation are positive
- Focus on problems & solutions (e.g., language)
- Immediate & practical successes
Forms of participation
Describing forms and complexities of participation
- e.g., Arnstein’s (1969) ladder of participation
Lacks understanding of the meaning and causes of participation
Critical view of participation
- Dialectic between social identity and community activities
- Shared knowledge within the community
- Examining the effects of power on facilitating and restraining participation
Notes:
- This approach cares about community identity. This is dialectical with community activities, meaning that if you identify with the community you’re more likely to participate in its activities and if you participate in community activities you’re more likely to identify with the community.
- This approach also cares about the shared knowledge within the community. This can be knowledge of the community’s history, knowledge of its day-to-day living, and other types of knowledge about the processes and events than affect people’s lives. Think about your family community, for example; many of you mentioned your families as an important community on last week’s discussion board. One unique feature of family members is that they know your whole history from the day you were born in many cases. And you know them since the day you were born. This shared knowledge of each other and of your family life – whether good or bad – is one feature of your involvement with your family.
- This approach also prioritizes examining the effects of power on participation. Power to act is limited by material inequalities (poverty, access to services, etc.) and also by recognition – efforts to improve the community that are ignored or devalued (especially by those with more power) are less likely to take root and create change. 2nd order change can happen by REORGANIZING POWER RELATIONSHIPS – changing who makes decisions, who evaluates what works and what doesn’t, and whose opinions matter most. When these powers are located in the community itself instead of outside the community, that’s COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT.
