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Adult Health > Chapter 14 exam 1 (d) > Flashcards

Chapter 14 exam 1 (d) Flashcards

1
Q

DEFINE IMMUNITY

A

A STATE OF RESPONSIVENESS TO FOREIGN SUBSTANCES SUCH AS MICROORGANISMS AND TUMOR PROTEINS

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2
Q

3 FUNCTIONS THAT IMMUNITY SERVES

A
  1. DEFENSE
  2. HOMEOSTASIS
  3. SURVEILLANCE
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3
Q

HOW DOES IMMUNITY PROVIDE DEFENSE

A

THE BODY PROTECTS AGAINST INVASION BY MICROORGANISMS AND PREVENTS THE DEVELOPMENT OF INFECTION BY ATTACKING FOREIGN ANTIGENS AND PATHOGENS

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4
Q

how does the body use homeostasis for immunity

A

Damaged cellular substances are digested and removed. Through this mechanism, the body’s different cell types remain uniform and unchanged.

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5
Q

in immunity the body uses surveillance how?

A

Mutations continually arise in the body but are normally recognized as foreign cells and destroyed.

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6
Q

What are the two types of immunity

A

innate and aquired

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7
Q

innate immunity involves a ___ response

A

nonspecific

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8
Q

what type of white blood cells are primarily involved in the innate immunity response

A

neutrophils and monocytes

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9
Q

Innate immunity is not _____ so it can respond within __ to an invading microorganism without prior exposure to that organism.

A

antigen-specific

minutes

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10
Q

two main points about innate immunity

A
  1. born with it

2. first-line defense against pathogens

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11
Q

two types of acquired immunity

A

active and passive

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12
Q

active acquired immunity results from:

A

the invasion of the body by foreign subtances

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13
Q

what are considered foreign substances that invade the body

A

microorganisms

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14
Q

when active acquired immunity is invaded by a microorganism the system develops

A

antibodies and sensitized lymphocytes

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15
Q

With each reinvasion of the microorganisms, the body responds ___ and vigorously to fight off the invader.

A

more rapidly

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16
Q

Active acquired immunity may result ____ from a disease or ___ through immunization with a less virulent antigen

A

naturally or artificially

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17
Q

Because antibodies are synthesized, immunity takes time to develop but is long-lasting is in which type of immunity

A

active acquired immunity

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18
Q

Passive acquired immunity implies that the host receives __ to an___ rather than synthesizing them. .

A

antibodies to an antigen

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19
Q

The transfer of immunoglobulins across the placental membrane from mother to fetus is what type of immunity

A

passive acquired immunity

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20
Q

what is gamma globulin

A

serum antibodies

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21
Q

artificial passive acquired immunity occurs through __

A

injection with gamma globulin

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22
Q

artificial passive acquired immunity has ___ effect

A

immediate

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23
Q

passive immunity is ___-___ because the person did not synthesize the antibodies.

A

short lived

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24
Q

Since passive immunity is short lived the person did not synthesize the antibodies and there fore does no ___ ___ ___ for the antigen

A

retain memory cells

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25
give some examples of active acquired immunity
exposure to an antigen that you recover from like chickenpox, measles etc
26
give some examples of artificial acquired immunity
immunization with an antigen
27
define antigens
Substances the body recognizes as foreign that elicit an immune response Most are composed of protein
28
define antibodies
Immune globulins produced by lymphocytes in response to antigens
29
most antigens are composed of ___
protein
30
3 things that can also act like antigens
1. large-size polysaccharides, 2. lipoproteins, and 3. nucleic acids
31
All of the body’s cells have ___ on their surface that are unique to that person and enable the body to recognize ___
antigens | self
32
The immune system normally becomes “tolerant” to the body’s own molecules and therefore is -___ __ ____ .
nonresponsive to self-antigens
33
define antibodies
Immune globulins produced by lymphocytes in response to antigens
34
how does a virus invade the body
A virus invades the body through a break in the skin or another portal of entry
35
The virus must make its way inside a cell to ___
replicate itself
36
A ___ recognizes the antigens on the surface of the virus.
macrophage
37
The macrophage digests the virus and displays pieces of the ________
virus (antigens) on its surface
38
___ recognizes the antigen displayed and binds to the macrophage.
A T helper cell
39
. The bound macrophage stimulates the production of ___and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]) by the macrophage and ____ and ____ by the T cell
cytokines (interleukin-1 [IL-1] | interleukin-2 (IL-2) and γ-interferon (γ -IFN) by the T cell.
40
Define cytokines | fected body cells.
These cytokines are intracellular messengers that provide communication among the cells.
41
IL-2 instructs other ____ cells and T cytotoxic cells to proliferate (multiply).
T helper cells and T cytotoxic cells
42
T helper cells release ____, causing B cells to multiply and produce antibodies.
cytokines
43
T___ and ___ destroy infected body cells
cytotoxic cells and natural killer cells
44
The ___ bind to the virus and mark it for macrophage destruction.
antibodies
45
what two cells remain behind to respond quickly if the same virus attacks again.
memory b | T cell
46
Thymus gland ___ with age
shrinks
47
The thymus gland ____ and ____ of T lymphocytes
differentiation and maturation
48
Bone marrow produces ___, ___ blood cells and ____
red, white and platelets
49
4 peripheral lymphoid organs
1. lymph nodes 2. tonsils 3. spleen 4. lymphoid tissues associated with gut, genitals, bronchi, and skin
50
Cells involved in immune response include:
Mononuclear phagocytes Lymphocytes Dendritic cells.
51
After capture, the macrophage-bound ___ which is highly immunogenic, is presented to circulating___ or ___ ____ and thus triggers an immune response.
antigen, T or B lymphocytes
52
Mononuclear phagocytes Include ____ in the blood and found throughout the body
monocytes | macrophages
53
lymphocytes due what to initiate an immune response with antigens
capture | process and present
54
lymphocytes capture the antigen by what means
Capture antigens by phagocytosis
55
Dendritic cells make up a system of cells that are part of what response
cell-mediated immune response
56
The dendritic cells are located where: (6)
``` skin nose lungs stomach intestine immature blood ```
57
Humoral immunity consists of ___-__ immunity.
antibody-mediated
58
In contrast, immune responses that are initiated through specific antigen recognition by T cells are termed ____-___ immunity.
cell-mediated
59
Humans need both ____ and ____-____ immunity to remain healthy.
humoral and cell-mediated
60
Largest component of total immune globulins; found in plasma and interstitial fluid; only Ig to cross placenta and provide newborn with passive acquired immunity
IgG
61
Largest of immune globulins is found in plasma; responsible for primary immune response; forms antibodies to ABO blood antigens
IgM
62
Found in body secretions: saliva, tears, breast milk, colostrum; Lines mucous membranes
lgA:
63
Found in plasma; present on lymphocyte surface; assists in differentiation of B lymphocytes
lgD
64
Found in plasma and interstitial fluids; causes symptoms of allergic reaction
lgE:
65
Immune responses initiated through specific antigen recognition by T cells is called
cell mediated immunity
66
Several cell types involved in cell-mediated immunity (3)
T lymphocytes Macrophages NK cells
67
Cell-mediated response is responsible for what roles of immunity
``` Immunity against pathogens that survive inside cells (viruses, some bacteria) Fungal infections Rejection of transplanted tissues Contact hypersensitivity reactions Tumor immunity ```
68
a procedure to separate components of the blood followed by the removal of one or more of these components.
Apheresis
69
Types of apheresis | 3
Plateletpheresis Leukocytapheresis Plasmapheresis
70
There is a decline in function of the immune response with advancing age this decline in the immune system is termed ___
immunosenescence.
71
what part of the elderly body remains relatively unaffected by increasing age.
bone marrow

Adult Health (9 decks)

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