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Adult Health > Chapter 14 exam 1 (d) > Flashcards

Chapter 14 exam 1 (d) Flashcards

1
Q

DEFINE IMMUNITY

A

A STATE OF RESPONSIVENESS TO FOREIGN SUBSTANCES SUCH AS MICROORGANISMS AND TUMOR PROTEINS

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2
Q

3 FUNCTIONS THAT IMMUNITY SERVES

A
  1. DEFENSE
  2. HOMEOSTASIS
  3. SURVEILLANCE
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3
Q

HOW DOES IMMUNITY PROVIDE DEFENSE

A

THE BODY PROTECTS AGAINST INVASION BY MICROORGANISMS AND PREVENTS THE DEVELOPMENT OF INFECTION BY ATTACKING FOREIGN ANTIGENS AND PATHOGENS

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4
Q

how does the body use homeostasis for immunity

A

Damaged cellular substances are digested and removed. Through this mechanism, the body’s different cell types remain uniform and unchanged.

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5
Q

in immunity the body uses surveillance how?

A

Mutations continually arise in the body but are normally recognized as foreign cells and destroyed.

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6
Q

What are the two types of immunity

A

innate and aquired

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7
Q

innate immunity involves a ___ response

A

nonspecific

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8
Q

what type of white blood cells are primarily involved in the innate immunity response

A

neutrophils and monocytes

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9
Q

Innate immunity is not _____ so it can respond within __ to an invading microorganism without prior exposure to that organism.

A

antigen-specific

minutes

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10
Q

two main points about innate immunity

A
  1. born with it

2. first-line defense against pathogens

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11
Q

two types of acquired immunity

A

active and passive

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12
Q

active acquired immunity results from:

A

the invasion of the body by foreign subtances

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13
Q

what are considered foreign substances that invade the body

A

microorganisms

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14
Q

when active acquired immunity is invaded by a microorganism the system develops

A

antibodies and sensitized lymphocytes

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15
Q

With each reinvasion of the microorganisms, the body responds ___ and vigorously to fight off the invader.

A

more rapidly

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16
Q

Active acquired immunity may result ____ from a disease or ___ through immunization with a less virulent antigen

A

naturally or artificially

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17
Q

Because antibodies are synthesized, immunity takes time to develop but is long-lasting is in which type of immunity

A

active acquired immunity

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18
Q

Passive acquired immunity implies that the host receives __ to an___ rather than synthesizing them. .

A

antibodies to an antigen

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19
Q

The transfer of immunoglobulins across the placental membrane from mother to fetus is what type of immunity

A

passive acquired immunity

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20
Q

what is gamma globulin

A

serum antibodies

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21
Q

artificial passive acquired immunity occurs through __

A

injection with gamma globulin

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22
Q

artificial passive acquired immunity has ___ effect

A

immediate

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23
Q

passive immunity is ___-___ because the person did not synthesize the antibodies.

A

short lived

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24
Q

Since passive immunity is short lived the person did not synthesize the antibodies and there fore does no ___ ___ ___ for the antigen

A

retain memory cells

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25
Q

give some examples of active acquired immunity

A

exposure to an antigen that you recover from like chickenpox, measles etc

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26
Q

give some examples of artificial acquired immunity

A

immunization with an antigen

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27
Q

define antigens

A

Substances the body recognizes as foreign that elicit an immune response
Most are composed of protein

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28
Q

define antibodies

A

Immune globulins produced by lymphocytes in response to antigens

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29
Q

most antigens are composed of ___

A

protein

30
Q

3 things that can also act like antigens

A
  1. large-size polysaccharides,
  2. lipoproteins, and
  3. nucleic acids
31
Q

All of the body’s cells have ___ on their surface that are unique to that person and enable the body to recognize ___

A

antigens

self

32
Q

The immune system normally becomes “tolerant” to the body’s own molecules and therefore is -___ __ ____ .

A

nonresponsive to self-antigens

33
Q

define antibodies

A

Immune globulins produced by lymphocytes in response to antigens

34
Q

how does a virus invade the body

A

A virus invades the body through a break in the skin or another portal of entry

35
Q

The virus must make its way inside a cell to ___

A

replicate itself

36
Q

A ___ recognizes the antigens on the surface of the virus.

A

macrophage

37
Q

The macrophage digests the virus and displays pieces of the ________

A

virus (antigens) on its surface

38
Q

___ recognizes the antigen displayed and binds to the macrophage.

A

A T helper cell

39
Q

. The bound macrophage stimulates the production of ___and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]) by the macrophage and ____ and ____ by the T cell

A

cytokines (interleukin-1 [IL-1]

interleukin-2 (IL-2) and γ-interferon (γ -IFN) by the T cell.

40
Q

Define cytokines

fected body cells.

A

These cytokines are intracellular messengers that provide communication among the cells.

41
Q

IL-2 instructs other ____ cells and T cytotoxic cells to proliferate (multiply).

A

T helper cells and T cytotoxic cells

42
Q

T helper cells release ____, causing B cells to multiply and produce antibodies.

A

cytokines

43
Q

T___ and ___ destroy infected body cells

A

cytotoxic cells and natural killer cells

44
Q

The ___ bind to the virus and mark it for macrophage destruction.

A

antibodies

45
Q

what two cells remain behind to respond quickly if the same virus attacks again.

A

memory b

T cell

46
Q

Thymus gland ___ with age

A

shrinks

47
Q

The thymus gland ____ and ____ of T lymphocytes

A

differentiation and maturation

48
Q

Bone marrow produces ___, ___ blood cells and ____

A

red, white and platelets

49
Q

4 peripheral lymphoid organs

A
  1. lymph nodes
  2. tonsils
  3. spleen
  4. lymphoid tissues associated with gut, genitals, bronchi, and skin
50
Q

Cells involved in immune response include:

A

Mononuclear phagocytes
Lymphocytes
Dendritic cells.

51
Q

After capture, the macrophage-bound ___ which is highly immunogenic, is presented to circulating___ or ___ ____ and thus triggers an immune response.

A

antigen, T or B lymphocytes

52
Q

Mononuclear phagocytes Include ____ in the blood and found throughout the body

A

monocytes

macrophages

53
Q

lymphocytes due what to initiate an immune response with antigens

A

capture

process and present

54
Q

lymphocytes capture the antigen by what means

A

Capture antigens by phagocytosis

55
Q

Dendritic cells make up a system of cells that are part of what response

A

cell-mediated immune response

56
Q

The dendritic cells are located where: (6)

A 
skin
nose 
lungs
stomach
intestine
immature blood
57
Q

Humoral immunity consists of ___-__ immunity.

A

antibody-mediated

58
Q

In contrast, immune responses that are initiated through specific antigen recognition by T cells are termed ____-___ immunity.

A

cell-mediated

59
Q

Humans need both ____ and ____-____ immunity to remain healthy.

A

humoral and cell-mediated

60
Q

Largest component of total immune globulins; found in plasma and interstitial fluid; only Ig to cross placenta and provide newborn with passive acquired immunity

A

IgG

61
Q

Largest of immune globulins is found in plasma; responsible for primary immune response; forms antibodies to ABO blood antigens

A

IgM

62
Q

Found in body secretions: saliva, tears, breast milk, colostrum; Lines mucous membranes

A

lgA:

63
Q

Found in plasma; present on lymphocyte surface; assists in differentiation of B lymphocytes

A

lgD

64
Q

Found in plasma and interstitial fluids; causes symptoms of allergic reaction

A

lgE:

65
Q

Immune responses initiated through specific antigen recognition by T cells is called

A

cell mediated immunity

66
Q

Several cell types involved in cell-mediated immunity (3)

A

T lymphocytes
Macrophages
NK cells

67
Q

Cell-mediated response is responsible for what roles of immunity

A 
Immunity against pathogens that survive inside cells (viruses, some bacteria)
Fungal infections
Rejection of transplanted tissues
Contact hypersensitivity reactions
Tumor immunity
68
Q

a procedure to separate components of the blood followed by the removal of one or more of these components.

A

Apheresis

69
Q

Types of apheresis

3

A

Plateletpheresis
Leukocytapheresis
Plasmapheresis

70
Q

There is a decline in function of the immune response with advancing age this decline in the immune system is termed ___

A

immunosenescence.

71
Q

what part of the elderly body remains relatively unaffected by increasing age.

A

bone marrow

Adult Health (9 decks)

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