CHAPTER 14: COMMUNICATION AND COLLABORATION MODELS

Question 1

is the most primitive form of communication – primitive, that is, in terms of technology.

Answer 1

FACE-TO-FACE COMMUNICATION

Question 2

is the most sophisticated communication mechanism available

Answer 2

• face-to-face

Question 3

gazing into one another’ s eyes is usually reserved for lovers.

Answer 3

• Long-term

Question 4

both looking at one another’s eyes. is important in establishing a sense of engagement and social presence.

Answer 4

• Sporadic direct eye contact

Question 5

expressions such as ‘let’s move this one there’, where the‘this’ and ‘there’ are indicated by gestures

Answer 5

• DEICTIC REFERENCE

Question 6

The nods, grimaces, shrugs of the shoulder and small noises speaker can afford to be slightly vague, adding details until it is obvious that the listener understands.

Answer 6

BACK CHANNELS

Question 7

You could answer questions and speak in turn, but not use back channels.

Answer 7

CONFIRMATION

Question 8

Text-based communication, in electronic conferencing, usually has no back channels whatsoever. Any confirmation must be given explicitly in the listener’s next utterance. This may confuse an analysis of text-based conversation as the utterances do not correspond simply to utterances in speech.

Answer 8

INTERRUPTION

Question 9

is the process by which the roles of speaker and listener are exchanged. Back channels are often a crucial part of this process.

Answer 9

TURN TAKING

Question 10

is often at some point which may require clarification, or where the listener may want to comment.

Answer 10

gap

Question 11

the most basic conversational structure is

Answer 11

turntaking.

Question 12

which must be used to disambiguate the utterance.

Answer 12

CONTEXT

Question 13

dependence on earlier utterances.

Answer 13

• internal context

Question 14

dependence on the environment.

Answer 14

• external context

Question 15

directly relevant to the development of the topic;

Answer 15

SUBSTANTIVE

Question 16

points of clarification, elaborations, etc.;

Answer 16

ANNOTATIVE

Question 17

• talking about the process of collaboration itself

Answer 17

PROCEDURAL

Question 18

• This correction after breakdown

Answer 18

repair.

Question 19

due to incorrectly read gestures or eyegaze, and through missed or inappropriate back channel responses.

Answer 19

breakdown

Question 20

began with a confused gesture, but led to a divergence of dialog focus.

Answer 20

breakdown

Question 21

a shared understanding sufficient for the task in hand.

Answer 21

• COMMON GROUND

Question 22

A particular form of conversational analysis, has been both influential and controversial in CSCW.

Answer 22

SPEECH ACT THEORY

Question 23

concerns itself with the way utterances interact with the actions of the participants.

Answer 23

• Speech act theory

Question 24

refers to the exchange of written messages between individuals or groups using various forms of technology

Answer 24

TEXT-BASED COMMUNICATION

Question 25

Four types of textual communication

Answer 25

Discrete
Linear
Non-linear
Spatial

Question 26

directed message as in email. There is no explicit connection between different messages, except in so far as the text of the message refers to a previous one.

Answer 26

Discrete

Question 27

participants’ messages are added in (usually temporal) order to the end of a single transcript

Answer 27

Linear

Question 28

when messages are linked to one another in a hypertext fashion.

Answer 28

3. Non-linear

Question 29

where messages are arranged on a two-dimensional surface.

Answer 29

Spatial

Question 30

refer to the none verbal cues that people used to signal their attention and engagement during a conversation.

Answer 30

• Back channels

Question 31

refers to a person’s emotional state or mood.

Answer 31

Affective state

Question 32

• Depends on back channels and interpretation of the listener’s expressions.

Answer 32

Face-to-face conversation

Question 33

• Relies more on none-verbal cues and back channels to coordinate the conversation and convey effective state.

Answer 33

Face-to-face conversation

Question 34

• More deliberate and thoughtful form of communication, with absence of back channels and nonverbal cues leading to a more measured pace of interaction.

Answer 34

Text-based communications

Question 35

an utterance is heard as soon as it is said (or typed);

Answer 35

Cotemporality

Question 36

the utterances are ordered.

Answer 36

• Sequence

Question 37

the participants can send and receive at the same time;

Answer 37

• Simultaneity

Question 38

is a fundamental structure of conversations, but breakdowns are rare in two-party electronic conversations and quickly corrected.

Answer 38

Turn-taking

Question 39

WYSIWIS

Answer 39

what you see is what I see

Question 40

conversation is the rate of such a sequence of connected messages and replies.

Answer 40

pace

Question 41

every few seconds

Answer 41

• face-to-face

Question 42

half a minute

Answer 42

telephone

Question 43

hours or days

Answer 43

email

Question 44

is highly interactive

Answer 44

face-to-face conversation

Question 44

several topics in one utterance

Answer 44

Multiplexing

Question 45

is a traditional form of communication that presents information in a sequential and orderly manner, typically in the form of paragraphs, sentences, and bullet points.

Answer 45

• Linear text

Question 46

is a digital form of communication that presents information in a non-linear manner, allowing users to navigate through related pieces of information by clicking on hyperlinks.

Answer 46

• Hypertext

Question 47

Group behavior is more complex still as we have to take into account the dynamic social relationship during group working.

Answer 47

GROUP WORKING

Question 48

cognition is a theory of human cognition that describes how information processing is dispersed across people and their workplace.

Answer 48

Distributed cognition