CHAPTER 14: COMMUNICATION AND COLLABORATION MODELS Flashcards
is the most primitive form of communication – primitive, that is, in terms of technology.
FACE-TO-FACE COMMUNICATION
is the most sophisticated communication mechanism available
- face-to-face
gazing into one another’ s eyes is usually reserved for lovers.
- Long-term
both looking at one another’s eyes. is important in establishing a sense of engagement and social presence.
- Sporadic direct eye contact
expressions such as ‘let’s move this one there’, where the‘this’ and ‘there’ are indicated by gestures
- DEICTIC REFERENCE
The nods, grimaces, shrugs of the shoulder and small noises speaker can afford to be slightly vague, adding details until it is obvious that the listener understands.
BACK CHANNELS
You could answer questions and speak in turn, but not use back channels.
CONFIRMATION
Text-based communication, in electronic conferencing, usually has no back channels whatsoever. Any confirmation must be given explicitly in the listener’s next utterance. This may confuse an analysis of text-based conversation as the utterances do not correspond simply to utterances in speech.
INTERRUPTION
is the process by which the roles of speaker and listener are exchanged. Back channels are often a crucial part of this process.
TURN TAKING
is often at some point which may require clarification, or where the listener may want to comment.
gap
the most basic conversational structure is
turntaking.
which must be used to disambiguate the utterance.
CONTEXT
dependence on earlier utterances.
- internal context
dependence on the environment.
- external context
directly relevant to the development of the topic;
SUBSTANTIVE
points of clarification, elaborations, etc.;
ANNOTATIVE
- talking about the process of collaboration itself
PROCEDURAL
- This correction after breakdown
repair.
due to incorrectly read gestures or eyegaze, and through missed or inappropriate back channel responses.
breakdown
began with a confused gesture, but led to a divergence of dialog focus.
breakdown
a shared understanding sufficient for the task in hand.
- COMMON GROUND
A particular form of conversational analysis, has been both influential and controversial in CSCW.
SPEECH ACT THEORY
concerns itself with the way utterances interact with the actions of the participants.
- Speech act theory
refers to the exchange of written messages between individuals or groups using various forms of technology
TEXT-BASED COMMUNICATION
Four types of textual communication
Discrete
Linear
Non-linear
Spatial
directed message as in email. There is no explicit connection between different messages, except in so far as the text of the message refers to a previous one.
Discrete
participants’ messages are added in (usually temporal) order to the end of a single transcript
Linear
when messages are linked to one another in a hypertext fashion.
- Non-linear
where messages are arranged on a two-dimensional surface.
Spatial
refer to the none verbal cues that people used to signal their attention and engagement during a conversation.
- Back channels
refers to a person’s emotional state or mood.
Affective state
- Depends on back channels and interpretation of the listener’s expressions.
Face-to-face conversation
- Relies more on none-verbal cues and back channels to coordinate the conversation and convey effective state.
Face-to-face conversation
- More deliberate and thoughtful form of communication, with absence of back channels and nonverbal cues leading to a more measured pace of interaction.
Text-based communications
an utterance is heard as soon as it is said (or typed);
Cotemporality
the utterances are ordered.
- Sequence
the participants can send and receive at the same time;
- Simultaneity
is a fundamental structure of conversations, but breakdowns are rare in two-party electronic conversations and quickly corrected.
Turn-taking
WYSIWIS
what you see is what I see
conversation is the rate of such a sequence of connected messages and replies.
pace
every few seconds
- face-to-face
half a minute
telephone
hours or days
is highly interactive
face-to-face conversation
several topics in one utterance
Multiplexing
is a traditional form of communication that presents information in a sequential and orderly manner, typically in the form of paragraphs, sentences, and bullet points.
- Linear text
is a digital form of communication that presents information in a non-linear manner, allowing users to navigate through related pieces of information by clicking on hyperlinks.
- Hypertext
Group behavior is more complex still as we have to take into account the dynamic social relationship during group working.
GROUP WORKING
cognition is a theory of human cognition that describes how information processing is dispersed across people and their workplace.
Distributed cognition
