CHAPTER 14: COMMUNICATION AND COLLABORATION MODELS Flashcards

1
Q

is the most primitive form of communication – primitive, that is, in terms of technology.

A

FACE-TO-FACE COMMUNICATION

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2
Q

is the most sophisticated communication mechanism available

A
  • face-to-face
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3
Q

gazing into one another’ s eyes is usually reserved for lovers.

A
  • Long-term
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4
Q

both looking at one another’s eyes. is important in establishing a sense of engagement and social presence.

A
  • Sporadic direct eye contact
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5
Q

expressions such as ‘let’s move this one there’, where the‘this’ and ‘there’ are indicated by gestures

A
  • DEICTIC REFERENCE
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6
Q

The nods, grimaces, shrugs of the shoulder and small noises speaker can afford to be slightly vague, adding details until it is obvious that the listener understands.

A

BACK CHANNELS

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7
Q

You could answer questions and speak in turn, but not use back channels.

A

CONFIRMATION

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8
Q

Text-based communication, in electronic conferencing, usually has no back channels whatsoever. Any confirmation must be given explicitly in the listener’s next utterance. This may confuse an analysis of text-based conversation as the utterances do not correspond simply to utterances in speech.

A

INTERRUPTION

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9
Q

is the process by which the roles of speaker and listener are exchanged. Back channels are often a crucial part of this process.

A

TURN TAKING

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10
Q

is often at some point which may require clarification, or where the listener may want to comment.

A

gap

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11
Q

the most basic conversational structure is

A

turntaking.

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12
Q

which must be used to disambiguate the utterance.

A

CONTEXT

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13
Q

dependence on earlier utterances.

A
  • internal context
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14
Q

dependence on the environment.

A
  • external context
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15
Q

directly relevant to the development of the topic;

A

SUBSTANTIVE

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16
Q

points of clarification, elaborations, etc.;

A

ANNOTATIVE

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17
Q
  • talking about the process of collaboration itself
A

PROCEDURAL

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18
Q
  • This correction after breakdown
A

repair.

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19
Q

due to incorrectly read gestures or eyegaze, and through missed or inappropriate back channel responses.

A

breakdown

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20
Q

began with a confused gesture, but led to a divergence of dialog focus.

21
Q

a shared understanding sufficient for the task in hand.

A
  • COMMON GROUND
22
Q

A particular form of conversational analysis, has been both influential and controversial in CSCW.

A

SPEECH ACT THEORY

23
Q

concerns itself with the way utterances interact with the actions of the participants.

A
  • Speech act theory
24
Q

refers to the exchange of written messages between individuals or groups using various forms of technology

A

TEXT-BASED COMMUNICATION

25
Four types of textual communication
Discrete Linear Non-linear Spatial
26
directed message as in email. There is no explicit connection between different messages, except in so far as the text of the message refers to a previous one.
Discrete
27
participants’ messages are added in (usually temporal) order to the end of a single transcript
Linear
28
when messages are linked to one another in a hypertext fashion.
3. Non-linear
29
where messages are arranged on a two-dimensional surface.
Spatial
30
refer to the none verbal cues that people used to signal their attention and engagement during a conversation.
- Back channels
31
refers to a person’s emotional state or mood.
Affective state
32
- Depends on back channels and interpretation of the listener’s expressions.
Face-to-face conversation
33
- Relies more on none-verbal cues and back channels to coordinate the conversation and convey effective state.
Face-to-face conversation
34
- More deliberate and thoughtful form of communication, with absence of back channels and nonverbal cues leading to a more measured pace of interaction.
Text-based communications
35
an utterance is heard as soon as it is said (or typed);
Cotemporality
36
the utterances are ordered.
- Sequence
37
the participants can send and receive at the same time;
- Simultaneity
38
is a fundamental structure of conversations, but breakdowns are rare in two-party electronic conversations and quickly corrected.
Turn-taking
39
WYSIWIS
what you see is what I see
40
conversation is the rate of such a sequence of connected messages and replies.
pace
41
every few seconds
* face-to-face
42
half a minute
telephone
43
hours or days
email
44
is highly interactive
face-to-face conversation
44
several topics in one utterance
Multiplexing
45
is a traditional form of communication that presents information in a sequential and orderly manner, typically in the form of paragraphs, sentences, and bullet points.
- Linear text
46
is a digital form of communication that presents information in a non-linear manner, allowing users to navigate through related pieces of information by clicking on hyperlinks.
- Hypertext
47
Group behavior is more complex still as we have to take into account the dynamic social relationship during group working.
GROUP WORKING
48
cognition is a theory of human cognition that describes how information processing is dispersed across people and their workplace.
Distributed cognition