CHAPTER 13: SOCIO-ORGANIZATIONAL ISSUES AND STAKEHOLDER REQUIREMENTS Flashcards
affecting the acceptance and relevance of information and communication system.
Organizational Issues
- It can make or break a system.
Organizational Issues
- Before installing a new computer system, one must identify the stakeholders who will be affected by it.
Organizational Issues
CSCW
Computer Supported Cooperative Work
- The study of people working together, using computer-based tools such as groupware.
Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)
is used as a cross-organizational communication
plays a great role for social change
- Technology
the ability to work and collaborate at a distance allows functional groups to be distributed over different sites.
Invisible Workers
- Many ecological and economic advantages:
o Reduce car travel
o Flexible family commitments
disadvantages of invisible workers
o ‘management by presence’ doesn’t work
o ‘management by objectives’ may not be so problematical
o Lack of physical presence can be a problem
o Problems for promotion, presence increase perceived worth
– no bias, but there will still be a problem in functioning symmetrically
Free Rider Problem
there is a need to develop a critical mass
Critical Mass
- the idea that you need a certain number of users for a product in order for that product to be successful
Critical Mass
o more radical approach to organizational process
- Business Process Re- Engineering (BPR)
o processes are recorded and analysed
o radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical aspects like quality, output, cost, service, and speed.
o aims at cutting down enterprise costs and process redundancies on a very huge scale.
- Business Process Re- Engineering (BPR)
is anyone effected by success or failure of system
- Stakeholders
stakeholders who actually use the system
o Primary
stakeholders who do not directly use the system but, receive output or provide input to it
o Secondary
no direct involvement but effected by success or failure of the system
o Tertiary
involved with the design, development, and maintenance of the system
o Facilitating
is to meet the needs of as many stakeholders as possible
design team
usually take priority over others
o Most important
o But not always ex. Life support machine
- Primary stakeholders
represent both human and technical requirements
Socio-technical Modelling
is the view that social change is primarily dictated by technology, with human and social factors being secondary concerns, was prevalent
o Technological determinism
is a socio-technical methodology designed to be practical to use in small organization
Custom Methodology
an alternative socio-technical approach, which attempts to describe what happens when a technical system is introduced into an organizational work environment
Open System Task Analysis (OSTA)
arises from the same tradition but takes a view of the organization as a system of which technology and people are components
Soft Systems Methodology
those who receive output or benefit from the system
Clients
those who perform activities within the system
Actors
the changes that are affected by thE system
Transformations
how the system is perceived in a particular root definition
World View
those to whom the system belongs, to whom it is answerable and who can authorize changes to it
Owner
the world in which the system operates and by which it is influenced
Environment
is a philosophy that encompasses the whole design cycle
Participatory Design
o design in the workplace
Participatory Design
participatory socio-technical approach devised by Enid Mumford
Ethics
- Three levels of participation
o consultative, representative, consensus
very influential, particularly in the study of group systems like CSCW
Ethnography
- based on very detailed recording of the interactions between people and their environment
Ethnography
- a form of anthropological study with special focus on social relationships
Ethnography
studies the user in context, trying to capture the reality of his work culture and practice
Contextual Inquiry
