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Geog 1290 > chapter 14 building the crust with rocks > Flashcards

chapter 14 building the crust with rocks Flashcards

1
Q

our success as a species is directly linked to

A

earths rocks

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2
Q

about ____ years ago early hominids began chipping and grinding rocks into tools

A

2.6 million

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3
Q

mineral

A

a naturally occurring, crystalline, solid chemical element or compound with a uniform chemical composition, minerals are abiogenic - not made by organisms

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4
Q

rock

A

a solid mass composed of one or more types of minerals

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5
Q

crystallization

A

the process in which atoms or molecules come together in an orderly patterned structure

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6
Q

four mineral classes

A

silicates
oxides
sulfides
sulfates

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7
Q

silicate minerals are formed by the combination of ____ and ____

A

silicon and oxygen

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8
Q

halides

A

basically different types of salts that are relatively soft

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9
Q

oxides

A

gives many rocks a reddish color (rust)

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10
Q

sulfides

A

makes pyrite which is also known as fools gold

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11
Q

carbonates

A

often bonds sand grains together

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12
Q

sediments

A

accumulations of small fragments of rock and organic material that are not cemented together

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13
Q

outcrops

A

exposed areas of bedrock

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14
Q

igneous rocks

A

form when magma or lava solidifies

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15
Q

sedimentary rock

A

form through cementation and compaction of sediments

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16
Q

metamorphic rock

A

form by heat and pressure applied to preexisting rocks

17
Q

rock cycle(definition)

A

model of the processes by which rocks form, are transformed from one type to another and are recycled into the mantle

18
Q

lithification

A

the transformation into rock

19
Q

decompression vs flux melting

A

decompression- melting of hot mantle material into magma as a result of pressure changes
flux- subducted water causes mantle material to melt by lowering its melting point

20
Q

extrusive vs intrusive igneous rock

A

extrusive- rock that cooled from lava on crusts surface

intrusive- rock that cooled from magma deep underground

21
Q

batholith

A

body of intrusive igneous rock hundreds of kilometers in extent

22
Q

pluton

A

igneous rock mass no more than a few tens of kilometers in diameter

23
Q

sill

A

flat sheet of igneous rock that has cooled from magma from layers of preexisting rock

24
Q

dike

A

vertical sheet of igneous rock

25
Q

laccolith

A

shallow dome shaped igneous rock body

26
Q

types of igneous rock

A

phaneritic- coarse grained rocks with large crystals that formed slowly deep in the crust
aphanitic- rocks that cool more quickly closer to the surface
glassy- no orderly crystalline arrangement of atoms because they cool at the surface

27
Q

sedimentary rock groups

A

clastic- composed of broken pieces of other rocks
organic- composed of organic material derived from ancient organisms or their shells
chemical- formed as dissolved minerals precipitate out and as water evaporates from sedimentary deposits

28
Q

shale

A

a clastic sedimentary rock formed from clay sized particles

29
Q

sandstone

A

a clastic sedimentary rock composed chiefly of quartz sand grains

30
Q

limestone

A

either a chemical sedimentary rock or an organic sedimentary

31
Q

coal

A

organic sedimentary rock formed from peat

32
Q

peat

A

heavy soil found in wetlands made up of the partially decomposed remains of plants

33
Q

evaporite

A

a deposit of one or more minerals resulting from the repeated evaporation of water from a basin

34
Q

fossils

A

the remains or impressions of organisms preserved in sedimentary rock

35
Q

protolith

A

the og rock

36
Q

contact vs regional metamorphism

A

contact- occurs when rock comes into contact with and is heated by magma
regional- where the crust is being compressed, such as in a collision zone between two convergent continental plates

37
Q

fracking

A

the procedure in which water, sand, and chemicals are pumped under high pressure into shale bedrock to extract natural gas and petroleum trapped in the pores of the shale

Geog 1290 (12 decks)

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