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anatomy and physiology exam 4 > chapter 14- brain & cranial nerves > Flashcards

chapter 14- brain & cranial nerves Flashcards

1
Q

the cerebrum is the largest part of the human brain & easily identifiable by the elevated ridges called what & the depression called sulci?

A

gyri (plural) or gyrus (singular)

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2
Q

at the base of the longitudinal fissure is the what which contains axons that pass between the two cerebral hemispheres?

A

corpus callosum

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3
Q

the central sulcus is the division line between the frontal lobe & the what lobe?

A

parietal

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4
Q

what is the fifth cerebral lobe which is located at the base of the lateral sulcus?

A

insula

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5
Q

the left & right hemispheres of the cerebellum are connected by a ridge of material called the what?

A

vermis

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6
Q

the three regions of the what are the epithalamus, thalamus & hypothalamus?

A

diencephalon

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7
Q

what contains CSF, is located between the pons & cerebellum and connects to the central canal of the spinal cord?

A

fourth ventricle

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8
Q

what is a fold of dura mater that is located in the longitudinal fissure to prevent lateral movements of the brain?

A

falx cerebri

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9
Q

what is the innermost cranial meninge that is shrink-wrapped to the surface of the brain and held in place by astrocytes?

A

pia mater

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10
Q

cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the what?

A

choroid plexus

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11
Q

what describes the fact that capillaries of the CNS are less permeable than capillaries elsewhere in the body & the movement of most substances to and from the blood is controlled by astrocytes?

A

blood-brain barrier

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12
Q

the part of the brain that is connected to the spinal cord is the what?

A

medulla oblongata

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13
Q

what kind of info. does the solitary nucleus integrate & relay?

A

visceral sensory info.

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14
Q

in what part of the brainstem are the apneustic & pneumotaxic centers located?

A

pons

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15
Q

what nuclei of cranial nerves are located in the mesencephalon?

A

III & IV (3 & 4)

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16
Q

what is the reticular activating system important for?

A

maintaining consciousness

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17
Q

the what is the part of the diencephalon that has the pineal gland & choroid plexus?

A

epithalamus

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18
Q

the what is the part of the diencephalon that makes up the walls of the third ventricle?

A

thalamus

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19
Q

what are the parts of the hypothalamus that control feeding reflexes?

A

mammillary bodies

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20
Q

disruption to the major function of the cerebellum is called what?

A

ataxia

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21
Q

in the limbic system, what is important for fear response initiating fight or flight behavior?

A

amygdala

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22
Q

the what of the cerebrum is responsible for prediction, estimation & related emotions?

A

prefrontal cortex

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23
Q

in which lobes of the cerebrum are visual info. processed?

A

occipital

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24
Q

what is the fatal genetic disorder where the brain fails to develop above the mesencephalon?

A

anencephaly

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25
Q

brain & cranial nerves:

A

-spinal cord -> reflex = immediate response
-brain -> thinking = adaptable but slower

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26
Q

cerebrum structure:

A

-largest part of human brain
-2 cerebral hemispheres covered in cerebral
(neural) cortex
-surface convoluted to increase surface area
for neurons (~3ft 2 )
-longitudinal fissure separates left and right
hemispheres
-hemispheres divided into five lobes each

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27
Q

gyri

A

elevated ridges of cerebrum

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28
Q

sulci

A

depression in cerebrum

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29
Q

fissures

A

big sulci

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30
Q

corpus callosum

A

make up the base of fissure, axons to connect neurons of hemispheres

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31
Q

central sulcus

A

divides frontal lobes from
parietal lobes

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32
Q

lateral sulcus

A

divides frontal lobes from
temporal lobes

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33
Q

parieto-occipital sulcus

A

divides parietal lobes
from occipital lobes

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34
Q

insula

A

located at base of lateral sulcus beneath frontal and temporal lobes

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35
Q

cerebellum structure:

A

-second largest part
-consists of right and left hemispheres connected by the vermis
-covered in cerebellar cortex
-folia instead of gyri
-each hemisphere divided into anterior and posterior lobes by the primary fissure

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36
Q

diencephalon

A

-links cerebral hemispheres to brain stem
-3 parts: epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus

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37
Q

brainstem

A

-connects to spinal cord
-consists of mesencephalon, pons & medulla oblongata

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38
Q

ventricles

A

holes in brain that circulate CSF

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39
Q

lateral ventricle

A

in each cerebral hemisphere & circulates CSF

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40
Q

third ventricle

A

in diencephalon & circulates CSF

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41
Q

fourth ventricle

A

-in between pons & cerebellum
-connects to central canal of spinal cord

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42
Q

cranial bones (protection of the brain)

A

-form the skull
-occipital, frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, parietals, temporals

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43
Q

cranial meninges (protection of the brain)

A

-hold brain in place
-prevent contact with skull
-three layers

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44
Q

dura mater of cranial meninges

A

-two layers
-no epidural space: fused to periosteum
-forms dural folds deep into fissures

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45
Q

falx cerebri (dura mater of cranial meninge)

A

between cerebral hemispheres in longitudinal fissure

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46
Q

tentorium cerebelli (dura mater of cranial meninge)

A

between cerebrum
& cerebellum

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47
Q

falx cerebelli (dura mater of cranial meninge)

A

between cerebellar
hemispheres

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48
Q

arachnoid of cranial meninges

A
  1. arachnoid membrane
  2. arachnoid trabeculae: span subarachnoid space which contains CSF
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49
Q

pia mater of cranial meninges

A

-adheres to brain via astrocytes
-follows topology of gyri and sulci

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50
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)(protection of the brain)

A

-functions: cushion brain, support brain & diffusion medium
-produced by choroid plexus (= ependymal cells plus capillaries in brain ventricles)
-volume of CSF in brain & cord turned over every 8hrs
-choroid plexus secretes ~500ml/day
-CSF reabsorbed at arachnoid granulations

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51
Q

hydrocephalus

A

(infants) failure to reabsorb
CSF, fluid expands cranium & crushes brain

52
Q

blood-brain barrier (protection of the brain)

A

-capillaries of CNS less permeable:
-endothelial cells linked by tight junctions
-astrocytes cover capillary surface
-only lipid-soluble compounds diffuse into
CNS, all others actively transported by astrocytes
-inflammation (infection, cancer) can break
down blood-brain barrier

53
Q

brain stem structure

A

-connects brain & spinal cord
-consists of three parts: medulla oblongata, pons & mesencephalon

54
Q

medulla oblongata

A

connects the top of spinal cord, serves as a relay center for sensory information, controls many autonomic reflexes & many visceral functions

55
Q

white matter of the medulla oblongata

A

ascending & descending tracts, link brain to spinal cord

56
Q

gray matter of medulla oblongata: group 1 nuclei

A

sensory & motor nuclei of cranial nerves VIII-XIII (8-12)
-motor: to muscles of pharynx, neck, visceral organs of thoracic & peritoneal cavities
-sensory: from inner ear (hearing, balance)

57
Q

gray matter of medulla oblongata: group 2 nuclei

A

autonomic nuclei controlling visceral activities (autonomic reflex center)

58
Q

cardiovascular center of medulla oblongata (gray matter group 2 nuclei)

A

cardiac center: adjusts heart rate & strength of contraction

59
Q

vasomotor center of medulla oblongata (gray matter group 2 nuclei)

A

adjusts blood flow through tissues

60
Q

respiratory rhythmicity centers of medulla oblongata (gray matter group 2 nuclei)

A

sets pace of respiration

61
Q

nucleus gracilis & nucleus cuneatus of medulla oblongata (gray matter group 3 nuclei)

A

transmit somatic sensory (skin, proprioception) info to thalamus (filter & relay center)

62
Q

gray matter of medulla oblongata: group 3 nuclei

A

relay stations along sensory & motor pathways

63
Q

olivary nuclei of medulla oblongata (gray matter group 3 nuclei)

A

transmit sensory info about muscle stretch & joints & info about somatic motor commands from cerebral motor centers to cerebellum (coordination)

64
Q

solitary nucleus of medulla oblongata (gray matter group 3 nuclei)

A

integrates & relays visceral sensory info to autonomic centers in medulla & other brain areas

65
Q

pons

A

-means “bridge”
-connects cerebellum & the rest of brain, connects higher & lower brain centers

66
Q

white matter of pons

A

-conduction pathway between high & lower brain centers

67
Q

ascending tracts of the pons (white matter)

A

sensory from medulla (nucleus cuneatus & nucleus gracilis) to thalamis

68
Q

descending tracts of the pons (white matter)

A

motor from cerebrum or cerebellum to cranial or spinal nerves

69
Q

gray matter of the pons

A

-relay centers for info to (sensory) & from (motor) cerebellum
-sensory & motor nuclei of cranial nerves V-VII (5-7), innervate jaw muscles, anterior surface of face, mouth

70
Q

apneustic & pneumotaxic centers of the pons (gray matter)

A

nuclei to control rate & depth of respiration, act to modify activity of respiratory rhythmicity center in medulla

71
Q

midbrain/mesencephalon

A

processes visual & auditory input, generates somatic motor reflexes, maintains consciousness

72
Q

white matter of mesencephalon/midbrain

A

cerebral peduncles, conduction between higher & lower brain center

73
Q

ascending tracts of mesencephalon/midbrain (white matter)

A

sensory to thalamus

74
Q

descending tracts of mesencephalon/midbrain (white matter)

A

voluntary somatic motor to cerebellum (via pons) & spinal cord

75
Q

superior colliculi of mesencephalon/midbrain (gray matter)

A

integrate visual info, initiate reflex response to visual stimuli

76
Q

inferior colliculi of mesencephalon/midbrain (gray matter)

A

integrate auditory info, intimate reflex response to auditory stimuli

77
Q

red nuclei & substantia nigra of mesencephalon/midbrain (gray matter)

A

house subconscious somatic motor centers to affect upper limb position & control background muscle tone

78
Q

reticular formation of mesencephalon/midbrain (gray matter)

A

contains reticular activating system (RAS) headquarters to trigger alertness & attentiveness to maintain consciousness

79
Q

gray matter of mesencephalon/midbrain

A

houses motor nuclei for cranial nerves III & IV (3-4), eye movements

80
Q

diencephalon

A

functions in integration of conscoius & subsonscious sensory info & motor commands: consists of epithalamus, thalamus & hypothalamus

81
Q

pineal gland (in epithalamus -> diencephalon)

A

produces melatonin; regulates day-night cycel & reproductive function

82
Q

choroid plexus (top of third ventricle) (in epithalamus -> diencephalon)

A

CSF production

83
Q

thalamus

A

-process, relay & filter sensory info
-some memory processing
-houses some parts of limbic system (emotion, motivation, memory)

84
Q

thalamic nuclei of thalamus

A

-relay sensory info to appropriate cerebral cortex for interpretation
-relay motor info from cerebellum & basal nuclei to somatic motor areas of cerebral cortex
-connect emotion centers in hypothalamus with frontal cortex of cerebrum for awareness of emotional states

85
Q

hypothalamus

A

-control autonomic functions, control hormone release from pituitary, produce emotions/drives
-control subconscious somatic motor to face: facial expressions with emotions

86
Q

autonomic centers in hypothalamus

A

-control autonomic nuclei in medulla & pons: heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestive activity
-coordinate voluntary & autonomic functions

87
Q

tuberal nuclei of hypothalamus

A

releases hormones that control pituitary gland (coordinates activities of nervous & endocrine systems)

88
Q

supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus

A

produces antidiuretic hormone (ADH): promotes water retention

89
Q

paraventricular nucleus of hypothalmus

A

produce oxytocin: controls smooth muscle or labor & delivery, sperm emission

90
Q

mammillary bodies of hypothalmus

A

control feeding reflexes

91
Q

preoptic areas of hyopthalmus

A

regulate body temp., triggers reflexes in other brain areas to retain or shed heat

92
Q

suprachiasmatic nuclei of hypothalamus

A

circadian rhythms (day-night cycles, 24-hour clock)

93
Q

cerebellum function:

A

maintain balance & equilibrium through motor centers in brainstem, refines learned movement patterns

94
Q

arbor vitae of cerebellum (white matter)

A

connects cortex & nuclei to peduncles

95
Q

superior peduncles of cerebellum (white matter)

A

link cerebellum to midbrain, diencephalon & cerebrum

96
Q

middle peduncle of cerebellum (white matter)

A

link cerebellum to pons

97
Q

inferior peduncle of cerebellum (white matter)

A

link cerebellum to medulla oblongata & spinal cord

98
Q

gray matter of the cerebellum

A

-cerebellar cortex consisting of Purkinje cells
-cerebellar nuclei
-both function provide involuntary coordination of ongoing body movements & monitor all proprioceptive, visual, tactile, balance & auditory sensations

99
Q

cerebellar cortex (Purkinje cells) & cerebellar nuclei (gray matter of cerebellum)

A
  1. adjust the postural muscles of body: coordinate rapid autonomic adjustments that maintain balance & equilibrium
  2. program & fine tune movements controlled at conscious & subconscious levels
100
Q

what do cerebellar cortex (Purkinje cells) & cerebellar nuclei (gray matter of cerebellum) refine?

A

-learned movement patterns: regulate activity along motor pathways at cerebral cortex, basal nuclei & motor centers in brainstem
-compare motor commands with sensory input & perform adjustments to make movements smooth

101
Q

ataxia

A

loss of balance due to disruption in cerebellum (e.g. alcohol)

102
Q

limbic system

A

-functional not anatomical separation
-located between cerebrum and diencephalon: parts of both

103
Q

functions of the limbic system:

A

-establishes emotional states & drives
-links conscious functions of cerebrum to autonomic functions of brainstem
-facilitates memory storage and retrieval

104
Q

amygdala (special region of limbic system)

A

fight or flight, initiates fear
response, links emotion with memory

105
Q

hippocampus (special region of limbic system)

A

memory & learning

106
Q

cingulate gyrus (special region of limbic system)

A

expressing emotions via
gestures, & resolves mental conflicts

107
Q

cerebrum function:

A

localizes & interprets sensory info, controls voluntary & skilled skeletal muscle activity, performs intellectual & emotional processing

108
Q

association fibers of cerebrum (white matter)

A

connect neural cortex within same hemisphere

109
Q

commissural (crossover) fibers of cerebrum (white matter)

A

connect cortex between hemispheres (most in corpus callosum)

110
Q

projection fibers of cerebum (white matter)

A

pass through diencephalon to lower brain centers or cord

111
Q

basal nuclei of cerebrum (gray matter)

A

-at bottom
-subconscious somatic motor: control muscle tone & learned movement patterns

112
Q

cerebral cortex (gray matter of cerebrum)

A

-superficial part
-primary motor cortex: somatic motor: voluntary control of skeletal muscles (in frontal lobe = precentral sulcus)
-primary somatosensory cortex: somatic sensory: conscious perception of somatic sensory info (in parietal lobes = post central sulcus)

113
Q

visual cortex of cerebral cortex (gray matter of cerebrum)

A

sight (in posterior/back of occipital lobe)

114
Q

auditory cortex of cerebral cortex (gray matter of cerebrum)

A

hearing (in temporal lobe)

115
Q

olfactory cortex of cerebral cortex (gray matter of cerebrum)

A

smell (medial inside of temporal lobes)

116
Q

gustatory cortex of cerebral cortex (gray matter of cerebrum)

A

taste (in insula)

117
Q

association areas of cerebral cortex (gray matter of cerebrum)

A

integrate sensory & motor info

118
Q

integrative centers of cerebral cortex (gray matter of cerebrum)

A

direct complex motor or analytical functions, collect input from association areas & initiate responses

119
Q

Wernicke’s area (integrative center of cerebrum)

A

-general interpretive area
-center of left hemisphere
-gives meaning to auditory or visual cues

120
Q

Broca’s area (integrative center of cerebrum)

A

-speech center
-left hemisphere superior to lateral sulcus
-coordinates motor controls for speech

121
Q

Prefrontal cortex (integrative center of cerebrum)

A

-anterior frontal lobes
-prediction, estimation, and related emotions
*removal results in no remorse, what right or wrong

122
Q

association and integration areas all over cortex carries out all levels of thought but
in general:

A

-left hemisphere & right hemisphere
-each hemisphere sends info to the opposite side of the body but each also has unique functions
-hemispheres communicate for whole thought
-if corpus callosum is cut, hemispheres work independently (used as treatment for seizures)

123
Q

epileptic seizures

A

abnormal electrical activity
in the brain; causes loss of normal function

124
Q

anencephaly

A

brain fails to develop above
mesencephalon, fatal

125
Q

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

“stroke”, loss of blood supply to the brain, neuron death occurs in minutes

anatomy and physiology exam 4 (5 decks)

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