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anatomy and physiology unit 4 > chapter 13- spinal cord & spinal nerves > Flashcards

chapter 13- spinal cord & spinal nerves Flashcards

1
Q

what is where a collection of neuron cell bodies are bundled together in the PNS?

A

ganglia

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2
Q

center & tracts that link a receptor to the CNS is a what?

A

sensory pathway

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3
Q

the outermost layer of thick collagen covering the spinal cord is called the what?

A

dura mater

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4
Q

name the liquid the fills the subarachnoid space

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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5
Q

the somatic motor nuclei of the spinal cord are located in the what?

A

anterior/ventral gray horns

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6
Q

how many funiculi are there in the spinal cord?

A

6

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7
Q

what kind of info. passes through the dorsal root ganglion & dorsal root?

A

sensory

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8
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves in total are there in a human?

A

31

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9
Q

how many pairs of cervical spinal nerves in total are there in a human?

A

8 pairs

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10
Q

the stretched spinal roots that extend down the spinal canal of an adult after the coed ends around L2 are called what?

A

cauda equina

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11
Q

what describes the injury when the nucleus pulpous ruptures through the annulus fibrosis?

A

herniated disc

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12
Q

in a nerve, axons are bundled in fascicles by the layer of C.T. called the what?

A

perineurium

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13
Q

why is there a thicker area of the spinal cord in the cervical region & lumbar region?

A

houses all the motor neurons for movement of the muscles of arms (cervical) & legs (lumbar)

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14
Q

what plexus is composed of axons from cervical nerves 5-8 & thoracic nerve 1?

A

brachial

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15
Q

nerves from the sacral plexus innervate the what?

A

lower limbs/legs

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16
Q

loss of sensory function is what?

A

paresthesia(s)

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17
Q

what is the neural circuit where one neuron synapses on multiple neurons?

A

divergence

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18
Q

in a reflex arc there must be a what to detect the stimulus & activate the sensory neuron?

A

receptor

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19
Q

a genetically determined reflex is called a what reflex?

A

innate

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20
Q

what are the effectors of autonomic/visceral reflexes?

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle & glands

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21
Q

what reflex arc is one that involves one or more interneurons?

A

polysynaptic

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22
Q

what is a specialized skeletal muscle fiber that functions to detect stretching of the muscle to initiate reflexes to maintain posture or prevent over-stretching?

A

muscle spindle

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23
Q

nervous system organization:

A

-CNS = brain and spinal cord
-PNS = all other neural tissue

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24
Q

nerves (strucuture in PNS)

A

bundles of axons

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25
ganglia (strucuture in PNS)
collection of somas together in one place
26
center (strucutre in CNS)
collection of somas with a common function
27
nucleus (strucutre in CNS)
a center with a visible boundary
28
neural cortex (strucutre in CNS)
gray matter (somas) covering the brain
29
tracts (strucutre in CNS)
bundles of axons with common origins, destinations & functions
30
columns/funiculi (strucutre in CNS)
large tracts in the spinal cord
31
pathways (structure in CNS)
-centers and tracts that link the brain with the body -sensory pathways: receptor -> CNS -motor pathways: CNS -> effector
32
spinal cord:
-45cm (18”) from brain to L2 -inside vertebral canal (stacked vertebral foramen) -surrounded by CT: Spinal Meninges -support and protect spinal cord
33
dura mater (spinal meninge)
outermost, dense collagen fibers, attaches to periosteum of occipital bone & coccyx by coccygeal ligament, surrounded by epidural space
34
epidural space
surrounds dura mater & contains blood vessels and adipose
35
arachnoid (spinal meninge)
middle, two layers: arachnoid membrane & arachnoid trabeculae
36
arachnoid membrane
simple squamous epithelium, contacts dura mater
37
arachnoid trabeculae
collagen & elastin fibers that bind to pia mater, fibers pass through subarachnoid space
38
subarachnoid space
contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF: for shock absorption & diffusion medium)
39
pia mater
innermost, fine mesh of collagen & elastin fibers bound to neural tissue, attached to arachnoid trabeculae, has denticulate ligaments
40
denticulate ligaments
extend through arachnoid to dura mater to prevent lateral movement of spinal cord
41
spinal cord cross-sectional anatomy
-posterior median sulcus -anterior median sulcus
42
central canal of spinal cord
contains CSF for difffusion
43
gray matter of spinal cord
somas, neuralgia, unmyelinated axons
44
posterior gray horn (gray matter of spinal cord)
somatic & visceral sensory nuclei
45
anterior gray horn (gray matter of spinal cord)
somatic motor nuclei
46
lateral gray horn (gray matter of spinal cord)
thoracic & lumbar only, visceral motor nuclei (ANS)
47
gray commisure
axon decussation
48
white matter of spinal cord
-myelinated axons -posterior white column/funiculus -anterior white column/funiculus -lateral white column/funiculus
49
all 6 columns (3 gray & 3 white sections) contain tracts:
-ascending tracts: sensory to brain -descending tracts: motor from brain -transverse tracts: decussation (crossover)
50
axons exit as spinal roots:
dorsal + ventral = spinal nerve
51
dorsal root of spinal cord
sensory axons from receptor to CNS
52
dorsal root ganglion of spinal cord
somas of sensory neurons
53
ventral root
motor axons from CNS to effectors
54
intervertebral foramen
spinal roots exit vertebral canal through it
55
spinal nerves
-31 pair -exit via intervertebral or sacral foramen -name for location of exit on spine, beginning between skull and C1 -cord and column grow together until age 4; after column continues but cord does not: roots “stretch” to reach foramen
56
spinal nerves:
C1 -C8 , T1 -T12, L 1 -L5 , S1 -S5 , Co1
57
where does an adult spinal cord end?
L1-L2
58
cauda equina
“stretched” spinal roots after L2
59
lumbar puncture
“spinal tap”, at L3 -L4, draw CSF from subarachnoid space
60
intervertebral disc
maintain intervertebral foramen, in between vertrebra
61
herniated disc
nucleus pulposus ruptures through anulus fibrosis, compresses nerves in intervertebral foramen and/or spinal cord in vertebral canal
62
slipped disc
intervertebral disc distorted or displaced, causes pressure
63
nerve structure
-axons repair if cut if follow original path -severed nerves do not usually repair: axons don't line up correctly -spinal nerves branch off cord near what they innervate -cervical and lumbar enlargements of cord house cell bodies of motor neurons for muscles of appendages -most spinal nerves do not go directly to target: axons from multiple nerves intermingle in a nerve plexus
64
what composes a nerve structure?
dorsal root + ventral root + blood vessels + C.T.
65
epineurium
outermost layer covering a whole nerve, dense collagen fibers
66
perineurium
partitions that extend inward from epineurium & divide axons into bundles or fascicles
67
endoneurium
innermost layer, thin collagen fibers that surround each axon
68
nerve plexus
interwoven network of nerves
69
cervical plexus
nerves C1-C5, innervate muscles of neck & diaphragm
70
brachial plexus
nerves C5-T1, innervate pectoral girdle & upper limbs
71
lumbar plexus
nerves T12-L4. innervate pelvic girdle & lower limbs
72
sacral plexus
nerves L4-S4, innervate lower limbs
73
how do spinal cord trauma & disorders happen?
result from damage or pressure
74
paralysis
loss of motor function: disorder of ventral root or anterior gray horn
75
paresthesias
-sensory loss: disorder of dorsal root or posterior gray horn -complete transection results in loss of both motor & sensory below the injury
76
paraplegia
sever between T1 and L4, loss of lower limb function
77
quadriplegia
sever in cervical, loss of all limb function (above C5 can kill)
78
organization of neural pathways
-10 million sensory neurons (receptor to CNS) -500 thousand motor neurons (CNS to effector) -20 billion interneurons (coordinate sensory and motor)
79
neuronal pools
interneurons organized into it, functional groups with limited input sources (sensory) and output locations (motor)
80
neural circuits
-spread of info organized into it -5 main neural circuts
81
divergence (neural circuit)
-one neuron/pool to many -send single input to multiple location is brain
82
convergence (neural circuit)
-many neurons/pools to one -allow conscious & subconscious control of same effector
83
serial processing (neural circuit)
-stepwise, one neuron/poll to the next -allow linear transmission from one location to next
84
parallel processing (neural circuit)
-divergence circuit + serial processing circuit -allow multiple things to occur at one
85
reverberation (neural circuit)
-positive feedback loop -continuous signaling until inhibited by another neuron *how we stay awake
86
reflexes
-rapid automatic response to specific stimuli -used to maintain homeostasis
87
simple reflex
-sensory perception in, motor response out -simple reflexes can be grouped for complex actions
88
reflex arcs
single reflex, negative feedback: action opposes stimulus as form of defense, fast response, but not always coordinated
89
reflex arc: arrival of stimulus & activation of receptor step 1
receptor responds to a particular type of stimuli
90
receptor
specialized cell or dendrites of sensory neuron
91
reflex arc: activation of a sensory neuron step 2
-stimulation causes action potential on axon of sensory neuron -nerve impulse travels into spinal cord via dorsal root
92
reflex arc: information processing step 3
-simple case: sensory neuron synapses on motor neuron -more complex: sensory neuron synapses on interneuron -sensory neuron causes EPSP which is integrated with other stimuli
93
reflex arc: activation of a motor neuron step 4
-motor neuron is stimulated to threshold -action potential travels down motor neuron axon to effector
94
reflex arc: response by effector step 5
-peripheral effector responds -neurotransmitters releases by motor neuron trigger events in effector -ex: muscle contraction
95
reflex classification:
four ways to classify
96
superficial somatic reflex (somatic reflex)
stimuli originate at skin or mucous membrane
97
stretch reflex (somatic reflex)
stimuli from overstretched tendon
98
innate reflexes (classified by development)
genetically determined
99
acquired reflexes (classified by development)
learned reflexes
100
spinal reflexes (classified by processing site)
processing in spinal cord
101
cranial reflexes (classified by processing site)
processing in brain
102
somatic reflexes (classified by response)
-control skeletal muscle contractions -include superficial & stretch reflexes
103
visceral (autonomic) reflexes (classified by response)
controls action of smooth & cardiac muscles, glands
104
monosynaptic reflexes (classified by complexity of circuit)
-one synapse -sensory -> motor
105
polysynaptic (classified by complexity of circuit)
-multiple synapses (two or several hundred -sensory -> interneuron -> motor -response delayed by each synapse but capable of more complex output
106
patellar reflex
-monosynaptic stretch reflex -carried on type A fibers -sudden stretch of patellar ligament activates muscle spindles -> signal quadriceps group to contract
107
muscle spindle
-specialized muscle fiber -constantly signal CNS -relaxed = signal less -stretched = signal more -> threshold, trigger reflex arc -prevent overstretching of muscles & tendons -aid in maintaining upright position
108
withdrawal reflexes
-complex polysynaptic spinal reflex -consists of three parts: a. flexor reflex = flex to withdraw b. reciprocal inhibition = inhibit extensors c. crossed extensor reflex = maintain balance
109
pain -> flexor muscles pull limb away:
-> extensors same limb inhibited to prevent opposition to flexion -> limbs on opposite sides extend to provide balance for sudden flexion
110
reflexes automatic but can be impacted by higher brain centers:
-fine tune or combine reflexes -take cues from reflex for coordinated voluntary movements -facilitate or inhibit reflexes
111
what do reflexes serve as in the medical field?
serve as a diagnostic tool to assess health and function of spinal cord and brain

anatomy and physiology unit 4 (5 decks)

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