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anatomy and physiology exam 4 > chapter 13- spinal cord & spinal nerves > Flashcards

chapter 13- spinal cord & spinal nerves Flashcards

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1
Q

what is where a collection of neuron cell bodies are bundled together in the PNS?

A

ganglia

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2
Q

center & tracts that link a receptor to the CNS is a what?

A

sensory pathway

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3
Q

the outermost layer of thick collagen covering the spinal cord is called the what?

A

dura mater

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4
Q

name the liquid the fills the subarachnoid space

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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5
Q

the somatic motor nuclei of the spinal cord are located in the what?

A

anterior/ventral gray horns

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6
Q

how many funiculi are there in the spinal cord?

A

6

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7
Q

what kind of info. passes through the dorsal root ganglion & dorsal root?

A

sensory

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8
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves in total are there in a human?

A

31

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9
Q

how many pairs of cervical spinal nerves in total are there in a human?

A

8 pairs

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10
Q

the stretched spinal roots that extend down the spinal canal of an adult after the coed ends around L2 are called what?

A

cauda equina

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11
Q

what describes the injury when the nucleus pulpous ruptures through the annulus fibrosis?

A

herniated disc

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12
Q

in a nerve, axons are bundled in fascicles by the layer of C.T. called the what?

A

perineurium

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13
Q

why is there a thicker area of the spinal cord in the cervical region & lumbar region?

A

houses all the motor neurons for movement of the muscles of arms (cervical) & legs (lumbar)

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14
Q

what plexus is composed of axons from cervical nerves 5-8 & thoracic nerve 1?

A

brachial

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15
Q

nerves from the sacral plexus innervate the what?

A

lower limbs/legs

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16
Q

loss of sensory function is what?

A

paresthesia(s)

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17
Q

what is the neural circuit where one neuron synapses on multiple neurons?

A

divergence

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18
Q

in a reflex arc there must be a what to detect the stimulus & activate the sensory neuron?

A

receptor

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19
Q

a genetically determined reflex is called a what reflex?

A

innate

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20
Q

what are the effectors of autonomic/visceral reflexes?

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle & glands

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21
Q

what reflex arc is one that involves one or more interneurons?

A

polysynaptic

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22
Q

what is a specialized skeletal muscle fiber that functions to detect stretching of the muscle to initiate reflexes to maintain posture or prevent over-stretching?

A

muscle spindle

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23
Q

nervous system organization:

A

-CNS = brain and spinal cord
-PNS = all other neural tissue

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24
Q

nerves (strucuture in PNS)

A

bundles of axons

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25
Q

ganglia (strucuture in PNS)

A

collection of somas together in one place

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26
Q

center (strucutre in CNS)

A

collection of somas with a
common function

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27
Q

nucleus (strucutre in CNS)

A

a center with a visible boundary

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28
Q

neural cortex (strucutre in CNS)

A

gray matter (somas)
covering the brain

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29
Q

tracts (strucutre in CNS)

A

bundles of axons with common origins, destinations & functions

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30
Q

columns/funiculi (strucutre in CNS)

A

large tracts in the
spinal cord

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31
Q

pathways (structure in CNS)

A

-centers and tracts that link the brain with the body
-sensory pathways: receptor -> CNS
-motor pathways: CNS -> effector

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32
Q

spinal cord:

A

-45cm (18”) from brain to L2
-inside vertebral canal (stacked vertebral
foramen)
-surrounded by CT: Spinal Meninges
-support and protect spinal cord

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33
Q

dura mater (spinal meninge)

A

outermost, dense collagen fibers, attaches to periosteum of occipital bone & coccyx by coccygeal ligament, surrounded by epidural space

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34
Q

epidural space

A

surrounds dura mater & contains blood vessels and adipose

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35
Q

arachnoid (spinal meninge)

A

middle, two layers: arachnoid membrane & arachnoid trabeculae

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36
Q

arachnoid membrane

A

simple squamous epithelium, contacts dura mater

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37
Q

arachnoid trabeculae

A

collagen & elastin fibers that bind to pia mater, fibers pass through subarachnoid space

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38
Q

subarachnoid space

A

contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF: for shock absorption & diffusion medium)

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39
Q

pia mater

A

innermost, fine mesh of collagen & elastin fibers bound to neural tissue, attached to arachnoid trabeculae, has denticulate ligaments

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40
Q

denticulate ligaments

A

extend through arachnoid to dura mater to prevent lateral movement of spinal cord

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41
Q

spinal cord cross-sectional anatomy

A

-posterior median sulcus
-anterior median sulcus

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42
Q

central canal of spinal cord

A

contains CSF for difffusion

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43
Q

gray matter of spinal cord

A

somas, neuralgia, unmyelinated axons

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44
Q

posterior gray horn (gray matter of spinal cord)

A

somatic & visceral sensory nuclei

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45
Q

anterior gray horn (gray matter of spinal cord)

A

somatic motor nuclei

46
Q

lateral gray horn (gray matter of spinal cord)

A

thoracic & lumbar only, visceral motor nuclei (ANS)

47
Q

gray commisure

A

axon decussation

48
Q

white matter of spinal cord

A

-myelinated axons
-posterior white column/funiculus
-anterior white column/funiculus
-lateral white column/funiculus

49
Q

all 6 columns (3 gray & 3 white sections) contain tracts:

A

-ascending tracts: sensory to brain
-descending tracts: motor from brain
-transverse tracts: decussation (crossover)

50
Q

axons exit as spinal roots:

A

dorsal + ventral = spinal nerve

51
Q

dorsal root of spinal cord

A

sensory axons from receptor to CNS

52
Q

dorsal root ganglion of spinal cord

A

somas of sensory neurons

53
Q

ventral root

A

motor axons from CNS to effectors

54
Q

intervertebral foramen

A

spinal roots exit vertebral canal through it

55
Q

spinal nerves

A

-31 pair
-exit via intervertebral or sacral foramen
-name for location of exit on spine, beginning between skull and C1
-cord and column grow together until age 4; after column continues but cord
does not: roots “stretch” to reach foramen

56
Q

spinal nerves:

A

C1 -C8 , T1 -T12, L 1 -L5 , S1 -S5 , Co1

57
Q

where does an adult spinal cord end?

A

L1-L2

58
Q

cauda equina

A

“stretched” spinal
roots after L2

59
Q

lumbar puncture

A

“spinal tap”, at L3 -L4,
draw CSF from subarachnoid space

60
Q

intervertebral disc

A

maintain intervertebral foramen, in between vertrebra

61
Q

herniated disc

A

nucleus pulposus ruptures
through anulus fibrosis, compresses nerves in intervertebral foramen and/or spinal cord in vertebral canal

62
Q

slipped disc

A

intervertebral disc distorted or displaced, causes pressure

63
Q

nerve structure

A

-axons repair if cut if follow original path
-severed nerves do not usually repair: axons
don’t line up correctly
-spinal nerves branch off cord near what they innervate
-cervical and lumbar enlargements of cord
house cell bodies of motor neurons for muscles of appendages
-most spinal nerves do not go directly to target: axons from multiple nerves intermingle in a nerve plexus

64
Q

what composes a nerve structure?

A

dorsal root + ventral root + blood vessels + C.T.

65
Q

epineurium

A

outermost layer covering a whole nerve, dense collagen fibers

66
Q

perineurium

A

partitions that extend inward from epineurium & divide axons into bundles or fascicles

67
Q

endoneurium

A

innermost layer, thin collagen fibers that surround each axon

68
Q

nerve plexus

A

interwoven network of nerves

69
Q

cervical plexus

A

nerves C1-C5, innervate muscles of neck & diaphragm

70
Q

brachial plexus

A

nerves C5-T1, innervate pectoral girdle & upper limbs

71
Q

lumbar plexus

A

nerves T12-L4. innervate pelvic girdle & lower limbs

72
Q

sacral plexus

A

nerves L4-S4, innervate lower limbs

73
Q

how do spinal cord trauma & disorders happen?

A

result from damage or pressure

74
Q

paralysis

A

loss of motor function: disorder of ventral root or anterior gray horn

75
Q

paresthesias

A

-sensory loss: disorder of dorsal root or posterior gray horn
-complete transection results in loss of both motor & sensory below the injury

76
Q

paraplegia

A

sever between T1 and L4, loss of lower limb function

77
Q

quadriplegia

A

sever in cervical, loss of all
limb function (above C5 can kill)

78
Q

organization of neural pathways

A

-10 million sensory neurons (receptor to CNS)
-500 thousand motor neurons (CNS to effector)
-20 billion interneurons (coordinate sensory
and motor)

79
Q

neuronal pools

A

interneurons organized into it, functional groups with limited input sources (sensory) and output locations (motor)

80
Q

neural circuits

A

-spread of info organized into it
-5 main neural circuts

81
Q

divergence (neural circuit)

A

-one neuron/pool to many
-send single input to multiple location is brain

82
Q

convergence (neural circuit)

A

-many neurons/pools to one
-allow conscious & subconscious control of same effector

83
Q

serial processing (neural circuit)

A

-stepwise, one neuron/poll to the next
-allow linear transmission from one location to next

84
Q

parallel processing (neural circuit)

A

-divergence circuit + serial processing circuit
-allow multiple things to occur at one

85
Q

reverberation (neural circuit)

A

-positive feedback loop
-continuous signaling until inhibited by another neuron
*how we stay awake

86
Q

reflexes

A

-rapid automatic response to specific stimuli
-used to maintain homeostasis

87
Q

simple reflex

A

-sensory perception in, motor
response out
-simple reflexes can be grouped for complex actions

88
Q

reflex arcs

A

single reflex, negative feedback: action opposes stimulus as form of defense, fast response, but not always coordinated

89
Q

reflex arc: arrival of stimulus & activation of receptor step 1

A

receptor responds to a particular type of stimuli

90
Q

receptor

A

specialized cell or dendrites of sensory neuron

91
Q

reflex arc: activation of a sensory neuron step 2

A

-stimulation causes action potential on axon of sensory neuron
-nerve impulse travels into spinal cord via dorsal root

92
Q

reflex arc: information processing step 3

A

-simple case: sensory neuron synapses on motor neuron
-more complex: sensory neuron synapses on interneuron
-sensory neuron causes EPSP which is integrated with other stimuli

93
Q

reflex arc: activation of a motor neuron step 4

A

-motor neuron is stimulated to threshold
-action potential travels down motor neuron axon to effector

94
Q

reflex arc: response by effector step 5

A

-peripheral effector responds
-neurotransmitters releases by motor neuron trigger events in effector
-ex: muscle contraction

95
Q

reflex classification:

A

four ways to classify

96
Q

superficial somatic
reflex (somatic reflex)

A

stimuli originate at skin or
mucous membrane

97
Q

stretch reflex (somatic reflex)

A

stimuli from overstretched tendon

98
Q

innate reflexes (classified by development)

A

genetically determined

99
Q

acquired reflexes (classified by development)

A

learned reflexes

100
Q

spinal reflexes (classified by processing site)

A

processing in spinal cord

101
Q

cranial reflexes (classified by processing site)

A

processing in brain

102
Q

somatic reflexes (classified by response)

A

-control skeletal muscle contractions
-include superficial & stretch reflexes

103
Q

visceral (autonomic) reflexes (classified by response)

A

controls action of smooth & cardiac muscles, glands

104
Q

monosynaptic reflexes (classified by complexity of circuit)

A

-one synapse
-sensory -> motor

105
Q

polysynaptic (classified by complexity of circuit)

A

-multiple synapses (two or several hundred
-sensory -> interneuron -> motor
-response delayed by each synapse but capable of more complex output

106
Q

patellar reflex

A

-monosynaptic stretch reflex
-carried on type A fibers
-sudden stretch of patellar ligament activates muscle spindles -> signal quadriceps group to contract

107
Q

muscle spindle

A

-specialized muscle fiber
-constantly signal CNS
-relaxed = signal less
-stretched = signal more -> threshold, trigger reflex arc
-prevent overstretching of muscles & tendons
-aid in maintaining upright position

108
Q

withdrawal reflexes

A

-complex polysynaptic spinal reflex
-consists of three parts:
a. flexor reflex = flex to withdraw
b. reciprocal inhibition = inhibit extensors
c. crossed extensor reflex = maintain balance

109
Q

pain -> flexor muscles pull limb away:

A

-> extensors same limb inhibited to prevent opposition to flexion -> limbs on opposite sides extend to
provide balance for sudden flexion

110
Q

reflexes automatic but can be impacted by higher brain centers:

A

-fine tune or combine reflexes
-take cues from reflex for coordinated voluntary movements
-facilitate or inhibit reflexes

111
Q

what do reflexes serve as in the medical field?

A

serve as a diagnostic tool to assess health and function of spinal cord and brain

anatomy and physiology exam 4 (5 decks)

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