Chapter 14 Basal Ganglia Flashcards
Role of Basal Ganglia
-Movement (descending pathway)
-Cognition
-Emotion
-Drug addiction
-Psychiatric disease
Components of the Basal Ganglia
-Striatum
-Globus Pallidus (internal and external)
-Ventral pallidum
-Subthalamic nucleus
-Substantia nigra
-Ventral tegmental area
Parts of the striatum
- Nucleus accumbens
- Putamen
- Caudate Nucleus
Components of Basal Ganglia involved in cognition and eye movement control
Caudate Nucleus and Substatnia nigra (pars reticulata)
Components of Basal Ganglia involved in control of limb and trunk movements
Putamen and Globus pallidus (internal)
Components of Basal Ganglia involved in emotions
Nucleus accumbens and Ventral pallidum
Components of Basal Ganglia involved in motor, cognition, and emotions
Globus pallidus (external), subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra (pars compacta)
Components of Basal Ganglia involved in emotions of intrinsic nuclei
Ventral pallidum and ventral tegmental area
Medial to internal capsule:
-Thalamus (not part of basal ganglia)
-Caudate nucleus
Lateral to internal capsule
-Putamen
-Globus pallidus externa
-Globus pallidus interna
Where does the basal ganglia project back to?
-ONLY to the frontal cortex
Input Nuclei
-Striatum (Caudate nucleus, putamen, nucleus accumbens)
Output Nuclei
-GPI
-Substantia nigra (reticulata)
-Ventral pallidum
Is Glutamate Inhibitory or Excitatory
Excitatory
Is GABA Inhibitory or Excitatory
Inhibitory
Is Dopamine Inhibitory or Excitatory
Excitatory or Inhibitory
Direct Path of Basal Ganglia (loop)
-Frontal lobe -> Input Nuclei -> Output Nuclei -> Thalamus -> Frontal Cortex
-Glut -> GABA -> GABA -> Glut (in between arrows)
-Increased movement
Indirect Path of Basal Ganglia (u-shaped)
Frontal lobe -> Input Nuclei -> GPE and Ventral pallidum -> Subthalamic nucleus -> Output Nuclei -> Thalamus -> Frontal lobe
Glut -> GABA -> GABA/Glut (back and forth) -> Glut -> GABA -> Glut
-Decreased movement
Describe the Skeletomotor Loop
Primary Somatosensory Cortex -> Putamen -> GPI and SNr -> Ventral anterior and Ventral lateral -> Primary motor/premotor/supplementary motor area
Function of Skeletomotor Loop
-Roles in control of facial, limb, and trunk musculature
Describe the Oculomotor Loop
Posterior parietal and prefrontal -> Caudate (body) -> SNr and GPi -> Ventral anterior and Medial dorsal -> Frontal eye field and supplementary eye field
Function of Oculomotor Loop
-Role in saccadic (rapid) eye movement
Describe the Associative Loop
Posterior parietal and middle/inferior temporal lobe -> Caudate (head) -> SNr and GPi -> Ventral anterior and Medial Dorsal -> Prefrontal and Premotor
Function of Associative Loop
-Role in cognition and executive behavioral functions (ex: strategic planning)
Describe the Limbic Loop
-Medial/lateral temporal lobes and Hippocampal formation -> Ventral striatum -> Ventral pallidum and GPI and SNr -> Ventral anterior and Medial dorsal -> anterior cingulate gyrus and orbitofrontal cortex
Function of Limbic Loop
-Role in motivational regulation of behavior and in emotions
Caudate Nucleus buldges into
-Lateral ventricle
What does Huntington’s Disease do to Basal Ganglia?
-Causes large ventricles due to caudal nucleus being degenerated
What does Parkinson’s Disease do to Basal Ganglia?
-Subsantria Nigra shows up white and degenerated due to degradation of dopaminergic neurons
