Chapter 14 And 16 test: Flashcards
Bipolar disorder
Repeated episodes of mania ( unreasonable elation, often with hyperactivity) alternating with depression.
.. Individual is hyperactive, may not sleep for days on end
.. Rapid speech and thinking is speeded up
.. Depressive episode lasts 3 times longer than manic episode
Antisocial personality disorder
Extreme disregard for and violation of the rights of others; guiltless, exploitive, irresponsible, intrusive, and self-indulgent and violation of the rights
1) egocentrism
2) lack of conscience
3) impulsive behaviour
4) superficial charm
Borderline personality disorder (BPD)
Severe instability in emotion and self-concept, along with impulsive and self-destructive behaviour
- see everyone in ‘black and white’ love n hate
Dissociative identity disorder
Presence of two or more distinct personality systems in the same individual at different times; previously known as multiple personality disorder
- transition from one personality to another occurs suddenly and is often triggers by psychological stress
- usually the ‘original’ personality has no knowledge or awareness of the existence of the alternate sub-personalities
- diagnosed more among women then men, woman also tend to have more identities, averaging 15 or more, men 8
Generalized anxiety disorder
Persistent, uncontrollable, and free-floating non-specified anxiety
- affects twice as many woman compared to men
- lasts at least 6months and is not focused on a specific person or situation
- due to persistent muscle tension ad autonomic fear reactions, people with this disorder may develop headaches, heart palpitations, dizziness, and insomnia.
Major depressive disorder
Long-lasting depressed mood that interferes with the ability to function, feel pleasure, or maintain interest in life
- have troubles sleeping, likely to lose (or gain) weight, may not want to move or get up and go to school or work
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Persistent, anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away (obsessions), and/or irresistible urges to perform repetitive behaviours (compulsions) to relieve the anxiety
- equal among men and woman, but more prevalent among boys when the onset is in childhood
Panic disorder
Sudden and inexplicable panic attacks; symptoms include difficulty breathing, heart palpitations, dizziness, trembling, terror, and feeling impending doom
- can be associated with or without agoraphobia
Phobias
Intense, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation that are usually considered harmless
DSM-IV-TR divides phobic disorders into three broad categories:
Agoraphobia: people with agoraphobia restrict their normal activities because they fear having a panic attack in crowded, enclosed, or wide-open places where they would be unable to receive help in an emergency
Specific phobias: a specific phobia is a fear of a specific object of situation, such as needles, rats, spiders, or heights. Often they realize their fear is excessive and unreasonable but cannot control their anxiety. Claustrophobia (fear of closed spaces)
Social phobias: people with social phobias are irrationally fearful of embarrassing themselves in social situations, fear of public speaking and if eating in public areas and the most common social phobias
Schizophrenia
Group of severe disorders involving major disturbances in perception, language, thought, emotion, and behaviour
- approx 1/100 will develop schizophrenia in his or her lifetime
- usually emerges between the late teens and the mid- thirties..
- more severe and normally strikes earlier in men then in women
What are the symptoms of schizophrenia: five areas of disturbance …
1)perception
These disruptions in sensation may explain Why people with schizophrenia experience hallucinations - false - imaginary sensory perceptions that occur without external stimuli
2) language and thought
There is often a disturbance in language and speech as well thought process.. Ranges from mild to severe
- includes delusions, mistaken beliefs based on misrepresentations of reality
Attribution
How we explain our own and others’ actions
Fundamental attribution error
Attributing people’s behaviour to internal (dispositional) causes rather than external (situational) factors
- actor observer bias
Saliency bias
Focusing on the most noticeable (salient) factors when explaining the causes of behaviour
Self serving bias
Taking credit for our successes and externalizing ours failures
Attitude
Learned predisposition to respond cognitively, affectively, and behaviourally to a particular object - 3 components: Cognitive (thoughts and beilifs) Affective (feelings) Behavioural
Cognitive dissonance
Unpleasant tension and anxiety caused by a discrepancy between an attitude and a behaviour
Prejudice
A learned, generally negative, attitude towards members of a group; includes thoughts (stereotypes), feelings, and behavioural tendencies ( possible discrimination)
Discrimination
Negative behaviours directed at members of a group
Stereotype
A set of beliefs about the characteristics of people in a group that is generalized go all group members; also, the cognitive component of prejudice
Ingroup favouritism
Viewing members of the i group more positively that members of an out group
Outgroup homogeneity effect
Judging members of an out group as more alike than members of the ingroup
Conformity
Changing behaviour because of real or imagined group pressure
Normative social influence
Conforming to group pressure out of need for approval and acceptance
Norm
Cultural rule for behaviour prescribing what is acceptable in a given situation
Informational social influence
Conforming because of a need for information and direction
Reference groups
People we confirm to, or go along with, because we like and admire them and want to be like them
Obedience
Following direct commands, usually from an authority figure
Group polarization
Group’s movement toward either riskier or more conservative behaviour, depending on the members’ initial dominant tendency
Groupthink
Faulty decision making that occurs when a highly cohesive group strives for agreement and avoids inconsistent information
Deindividuation
Reduced self consciousness, inhibition, and personal responsibility that sometimes occurs in a group, particularly when the members feel anonymous
Aggression
Any behaviour intended to harm someone
Altruism
Actions designed to help others with no obvious benefit to the helper
Diffusion of responsibility
The dilution (or diffusion) of personal responsibility for acting by spreading it among all other group members
The 3 factors of interpersonal attraction
1) physical attractiveness
2) proximity (attraction based on geographic closeness)
3) similarity
3 factors that drive conformity
1) normative social influence
2) informational social influence
3) reference groups
4 factors in obedience
1) legitimacy and closeness of the authority figure
2) remoteness of the victim
3) assignment of responsibility
4) modelling or imitating others
3 explanations for altruism
1) evolutionary - suggests that altruism is an instinctual behaviour that has evolved because it Favours survival of ones gene’s
2) egoistic model (egocentrism) - helping us motivated by some degree of anticipated gain, makes us feel good about ourselves, etc
3) empathy-altruism - seeing another persons suffering or hearing of his or her need cab create empathy
3 components of consummate love
Sternberg’s triangular theory of love - the fullest form of love, consummate love, depends on a healthy degree of three components – intimacy, passion, and commitment
1) intimacy - emotional closeness and connectedness, mutual trust, friendship
2) passion - sexual attraction and desirability, physical excitement
3) commitment - permanence and stability, deciding to stay in the relationship for the long haul
Name and explain the 4 standards for classifying abnormal behaviour
1) Deviance (believing others are plotting against you)
2) Dysfunction ( being unable to go to work due to alcohol abuse) - behaviours, thoughts, or emotions that interfere with daily functioning
3) Distress ( having thoughts of suicide ) - behaviours, thoughts, and emotions that cause significant personal distress
4) Danger ( fighting with strangers) - behaviours, thoughts, or emotions that indicate potential danger to themselves or others
medical model
Perspective that assumes diseases (including mental illness) have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and possibly cured
what is the DSM-IV-TR , what does it stand for, and what is the purpose of each axis
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) (american psychiatric association,2000)
Axis I: clinical disorders
- symptoms that cause disres of significantly impair social or occupational functioning (such as anxiety disorders, depression)
Axis II: personality disorders and mental retardation
- chronic and enduring problems that generally persist through life and impair interpersonal or occupational functioning
Axis III: General medical condition
- physical disorders that may be relevant to understanding or treating a psychological disorder
Axis IV: psychological and environmental problems
- problems (such as interpersonal stressors and negative life events) that may affect the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis (expected outcome) of psychological disorders
Axis V: global assessment of functioning
- the individuals overall level of functioning in social, occupational, and leisure activities
Anxiety disorders
Problems associated with severe anxiety, such as phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder
Mood disorders
Problems associated with severe disturbances of mood, such as depression, mania, of alternating episodes of the two (bipolar disorder)
Substance-related disorders
Problems caused by alcohol, cocaine, tobacco, and other drugs
Dissociative disorders
Disorders in which the normal integration of consciousness, memory, or identity suddenly and temporarily altered, such as amnesia and dissociative identity disorder
Personality disorders
Problems related to lifelong maladaptive personality traits, including antisocial personality disorders. (Violation of others’ rights with no sense of guilt) or borderline personality disorder (impulsivity and instability in mood and relationships)
Comorbidity
Co-occurrence of two of more disorders in the same person at the same time, as when a person suffers from both depression and alcoholism
Difference between culture- bound symptoms and culture-general symptoms
Culture-general symptoms ( nervousness, or trouble sleeping) are similarly expressed and identified in most cultures, whereas culture-bound symptoms (“fullness in the head”) are unique to certain cultures. Similarly, culture-general disorders (schizophrenia) are similar across cultures, whereas culture-bound disorders (koro) are unique. Recognizing these differences helps us expand our understanding of disorders and can thereby reduce or ethnocentrism
