Chapter 10 Test: Life Span Development

Question 0

Define the Conventional level:

Answer 0

Kohlberg’s second level of moral development, in which moral judgements are based on compliance with the rules and values of society

Question 1

Define the Pre-Conventional level:

Answer 1

Kohlberg’s first level of moral development, in which morality is based on rewards, punishment, and the exchange of favours

Question 2

Define the Post-Conventional level:

Answer 2

Kohlberg’s highest level of moral development, in which individuals develop personal standards for right and wrong. As well, define morality in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and societies

Question 3

Define temperament:

Answer 3

An individual’s innate disposition or behavioural style and characteristic emotional response

Question 4

Define psychological stages:

Answer 4

Erikson’s theory that individuals pass through eight developmental stages, each involving a crisis that must be successfully resolved

Question 5

Define identity crisis:

Answer 5

During adolescence, adolescents strive to figure out who they are by exploring who and what they want to be. This is known as a identity crisis, and failing to resolve the cross may lead to apathy and withdrawal

Question 6

Define activity theory:

Answer 6

Successful aging that is fostered by a full and active commitment to life

Question 7

Define disengagement theory:

Answer 7

Successful aging that is characterized by mutual withdrawal between the elderly and society

Question 8

Define socio-emotional theory:

Answer 8

A natural decline in social contact occurs as older adults become more selective with their time

Question 9

First major criticism in Kohlberg’s theory:

Answer 9

Moral reasoning versus behaviour: some studies show a positive correlation between higher stages of reasoning and higher levels of moral behaviour. But others have found that situational factors are better predictors of moral behaviour.

Question 10

Second major criticism in Kohlberg’s theory:

Answer 10

Cultural differences: Kohlberg’s standard for judging the highest level of morality may be more applicable to cultures that value individualism over community and interpersonal relationships

Question 11

Third major criticism in Kohlberg’s theory:

Answer 11

Possible gender bias:
Researcher Carol Gilligan criticized Kohlberg’s model because on his scale woman often tend to be classified at a lower level of moral reasoning

Question 12

Describe Thomas and Chess’s temperament theory of personality development, and their concept of goodness - of - fit:

Answer 12

One of the earliest and most influential theories regarding temperament came from the work of Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess. They found that approximately 65% of the babies they observed could be reliably separated into three categories:

Question 13

Easy children:

Thomas and Chess’s theory:

Answer 13

These infants were happy most of the time, relaxed and agreeable, and adjusted easily to new situations (approximately 40%)

Question 14

Difficult children:

Thomas and Chess’s theory:

Answer 14

Infants in this group were moody, easily frustrated, tense, and overreactive to most situations (approximately 10percent)

Question 15

Slow-to-warm-up Children:

Thomas and Chess’s theory:

Answer 15

These infants showed mild responses, were somewhat shy and withdrawn, and needed time to adjust to new experiences or people (approximately 15%)

Question 16

Goodness Of Fit:

Answer 16

One of the most influential factors in early personality development is goodness of fit between a child’s nature, parental behaviours, and the social and environmental setting.

Question 17

What does Alexander Thomas think about a child’s temperament

Answer 17

Thomas believes that parents should work with their child’s temperament rather than trying to change it
Example: a slow-to-warm-up child does best if allowed time to adjust to new situations

Question 18

Erikson’s Eight stages of psychological development:

Stage 1:

Answer 18

Trust versus. Mis-trust

(Birth - age 1)

Infants learn to trust of mistrust their caregivers and the world based on whether or not their needs are met.

Question 19

Erikson’s Eight stages of psychological development:

Stage 2:

Answer 19

Autonomy versus. Shame and doubt

(Ages 1-3)

Toddlers start to assert their sense of independence. If caregivers encourage this self-sufficiency, the toddler will learn to be independent versus feelings of shame and doubt

Question 20

Erikson’s Eight stages of psychological development:

Stage 3

Answer 20

Initiative versus. Guilt

(Ages 3-6)

Preschoolers learn to initiate activities and develop self confidence and a sense of social responsibility. If not, they feel irresponsible, anxious, and guilty

Question 21

Erikson’s Eight stages of psychological development:

Stage 4

Answer 21

Industry versus. Inferiority

(Ages 6-12)

Elementary school-aged children who succeed in learning new, productive life skills develop a sense of pride and competence (industry). Those who fail to develop these skills feel inadequate and unproductive

Question 22

Erikson’s Eight stages of psychological development:

Stage 5

Answer 22

Identity versus. Role confusion

( ages 12-20)

Adolescents develop a coherent and stable self definition by exploring many roles and deciding who or what they want to be in terms of career, attitudes, etc. Failure to resolve this identity crisis may lead to apathy, withdrawal and/or role confusion.

Question 23

Erikson’s Eight stages of psychological development:

Stage 6

Answer 23

Intimacy versus. Isolation

( early adulthood )

Young adults form lasting, meaningful relationships which help them develop a sense of connectedness and intimacy with others. If not, they become psychologically isolated.

Question 24

Erikson’s Eight stages of psychological development:

Stage 7

Answer 24

Generativity versus. Stagnation

( middle adulthood )

The challenge for middle aged adults is to be nurturant of the younger generation. Failing to meet this challenge leads to self-indulgence and a sense of stagnation

Question 25

Erikson’s Eight stages of psychological development:

Stage 8

Answer 25

Ego integrity versus. Despair

(Late adulthood)

During this stage, older adults reflect on their past. If this reflection reveals a life well-spent, the person experiences self-acceptance and satisfaction. If not, he or she experiences regret and deep dissatisfaction (despair)

Question 26

6 factors related to a happy marriage:

Answer 26

1) Established “love maps” : both partners are able to share their feelings and life goals

2) Shared power and mutual support:
Woman and men and treated equally and no one is belittled

3) Conflict management: using negotiation and accommodation to solve the solvable conflicts, accept the unsolvable ones, and to know the difference
4) Similarity: similarity in values, Beliefs, a d religion can be one of the best predictors of a long lasting relationship

5) Supportive social environment:
Unfortunately, several environmental factors can erode even the strongest of relationships (including younger couples have a higher divorce rate… Divorce is higher among the poor and unemployed)

6) positive emphasis: positive emotions, positive mood, and a positive behaviour toward one’s partner are vitally important to a lasting, happy relationship

Question 27

Identify the circumstances in which violence is more likely to occur within families. What trait is one of the clearest identifiers of abuse potential?

Answer 27

Violence occurs more often in families experiencing marital conflict, substance abuse, mental disorders, and economic stress. In addition to having financial problems, many abusive parents are also socially isolated and lack good communication and parenting skills, their anxiety and frustration may lead to the abuse.
One of the clearest identifiers of abuse potential is impulsivity. People who abuse the children, their spouses, or their elderly parents seem to lack impulse control, especially when stressed

Question 28

Discuss the consequences of teen pregnancy on social and emotional development. What 2 things seem to be the most effective way to decrease unplanned teen pregnancies?

Answer 28

Pregnancy during adolescence carriers a considerable health risk to both the mother and the child. Pregnancy is the most common reason for girls dropping out of high school. As well, teen mothers typically have one of the highest levels of depression. Comprehensive education and health-orientated services seem to be the most promising way to decrease the rate of pregnancy among high-risk teenagers. (John Hopkins Pregnancy Prevention Program)

Question 29

Define resiliency, and discuss the traits associated with resilient children, as well, as the factors that can increase the risk status of children.

Answer 29

Resiliency: ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats

A troubled childhood creates a significantly higher risk of serious psychical, emotional, and behavioural problems.

Traits of a resilient child:

1) good intellectual functioning
2) relationships with caring adults; and, as they grow older
3) the ability to regulate their attention, emotions, and behaviour