Chapter 14 and 15 Flashcards
In California , between 1984 and 1992, nearly 84,000 hectares (about 210,000 acres) of _______________ , _______________, and _______________ had been converted into suburbs and cities.
farmland
rangeland
woodland
We use land for many purposes, including _______________, _______________, _______________, and building _______________ and _______________.
farming mining recreation building cities highways
_______________ is what you find on a patch of land, and it often depends on how the land is used.
land cover
Land that is covered mainly with buildings and roads is called _______________ land.
urban
The U.S. Census Bureau defines an urban area as an area that contains _______________ or more people and usually has a governing body, such as a city council.
2,500
Land that contains relatively few people and large areas of open space is a _______________ area.
rural
Until about 1850, most people lived in _______________ areas.
rural
The _______________ _______________ changed this pattern.
Industrial Revolution
The movement of people from _______________ areas to _______________ areas happened rapidly in developed countries between about 1880 and 1950.
rural
urban
Whether people live in cities or in the countryside, they are dependent on the _______________ produced in rural areas.
resources
The resources that are produced by natural and artificial ecosystems are called _______________ services.
ecosystem
Each person in a developed country uses the ecosystem services provided by about _____ hectares of land and water.
8
In the United States each person uses the ecosystem services from more than _______ hectares, whereas each person in Germany uses about 6 hectares’ worth.
12
The movement of people from rural areas to cities is known as _______________.
urbanization
Urban areas that have grown slowly are often relatively _______________ places to live.
pleasant
_______________ is all of the things that a society builds for public use. Infrastructure includes roads, sewers, railroads, bridges, canals, fire and police stations, schools, libraries, hospitals, water mains, and power lines.
infrastructure
Rapid expansion of a city into the countryside around the city is called _______________ _______________.
urban sprawl
Many cities were first built where there was little room for _______________. As the cities grew, suburbs were often built on marginal land—land that is poorly suited for building.
expansion
Cities both generate and trap more _______________. Roads and buildings absorb more heat than vegetation does. They also retain heat longer. The increased temperature in a city is called a ______________________________.
heat
heat island
Heat islands can affect local _______________ patterns. Hot air rises over a city, cooling as it rises, and eventually produces rain clouds.
weather
In Atlanta and many other cities, increased _______________ is a side effect of the heat island.
rainfall
The heat-island effect may be moderated by planting trees for shade and by installing rooftops that _______________ rather than retain heat.
reflect
_______________ _______________ is determining in advance how land will be used—where houses, businesses, and factories will be built, where land will be protected for recreation, and so on.
land-use planning
Land-use planners determine the best locations for shopping malls, sewers,
electrical lines, and other _______________.
infrastructure
In practice, making land-use plans is complex and often _______________. The federal, state, and local governments require developers to prepare detailed reports assessing the environmental impact of many projects.
controversial
