Chapter 14 and 15 Flashcards
In California , between 1984 and 1992, nearly 84,000 hectares (about 210,000 acres) of _______________ , _______________, and _______________ had been converted into suburbs and cities.
farmland
rangeland
woodland
We use land for many purposes, including _______________, _______________, _______________, and building _______________ and _______________.
farming mining recreation building cities highways
_______________ is what you find on a patch of land, and it often depends on how the land is used.
land cover
Land that is covered mainly with buildings and roads is called _______________ land.
urban
The U.S. Census Bureau defines an urban area as an area that contains _______________ or more people and usually has a governing body, such as a city council.
2,500
Land that contains relatively few people and large areas of open space is a _______________ area.
rural
Until about 1850, most people lived in _______________ areas.
rural
The _______________ _______________ changed this pattern.
Industrial Revolution
The movement of people from _______________ areas to _______________ areas happened rapidly in developed countries between about 1880 and 1950.
rural
urban
Whether people live in cities or in the countryside, they are dependent on the _______________ produced in rural areas.
resources
The resources that are produced by natural and artificial ecosystems are called _______________ services.
ecosystem
Each person in a developed country uses the ecosystem services provided by about _____ hectares of land and water.
8
In the United States each person uses the ecosystem services from more than _______ hectares, whereas each person in Germany uses about 6 hectares’ worth.
12
The movement of people from rural areas to cities is known as _______________.
urbanization
Urban areas that have grown slowly are often relatively _______________ places to live.
pleasant
_______________ is all of the things that a society builds for public use. Infrastructure includes roads, sewers, railroads, bridges, canals, fire and police stations, schools, libraries, hospitals, water mains, and power lines.
infrastructure
Rapid expansion of a city into the countryside around the city is called _______________ _______________.
urban sprawl
Many cities were first built where there was little room for _______________. As the cities grew, suburbs were often built on marginal land—land that is poorly suited for building.
expansion
Cities both generate and trap more _______________. Roads and buildings absorb more heat than vegetation does. They also retain heat longer. The increased temperature in a city is called a ______________________________.
heat
heat island
Heat islands can affect local _______________ patterns. Hot air rises over a city, cooling as it rises, and eventually produces rain clouds.
weather
In Atlanta and many other cities, increased _______________ is a side effect of the heat island.
rainfall
The heat-island effect may be moderated by planting trees for shade and by installing rooftops that _______________ rather than retain heat.
reflect
_______________ _______________ is determining in advance how land will be used—where houses, businesses, and factories will be built, where land will be protected for recreation, and so on.
land-use planning
Land-use planners determine the best locations for shopping malls, sewers,
electrical lines, and other _______________.
infrastructure
In practice, making land-use plans is complex and often _______________. The federal, state, and local governments require developers to prepare detailed reports assessing the environmental impact of many projects.
controversial
Developers, city governments, local businesses, and citizens often _______________ about land-use plans. Projects that affect large or environmentally sensitive areas are often studied carefully and even bitterly debated.
disagree
Land-use planners have sophisticated methods and tools available to them today. One important technological tool for land-use planning involves using the _______________ _______________ _______________, or GIS.
geographic information system
A geographic information system (GIS) is a computerized system for storing, manipulating, and viewing _______________ data.
geographic
GIS software allows a user to enter different types of data about an area, such as the location of sewer lines, roads, and parks, and then create _______________.
maps
The power of GIS is that it allows a user to display _______________ of information about an area and to overlay these layers, like overhead transparencies, on top of one another.
layers
_______________ is land that grows crops and fruit.
farmland
In some places, _______________ development is threatening productive farmland.
urban
Land that supports different vegetation types like grasslands, shrublands and deserts and is not used for farming or timber production is called _______________.
rangeland
Most damage to rangeland is due to _______________, or allowing more animals to graze in an area that the land can support.
overgrazing
People use enormous amounts of _______________.
wood
The timber industry classifies land into three categories: _______________ forest, which is forest that has never been cut; _______________ forest, which is forest that is planted and managed; and ______________________________, areas where trees are planted in rows and harvested like any other crop.
virgin forest
native forest
tree farms
_______________ is the process of removing all the trees from an area of land.
clear-cutting
_______________ cutting is the process of cutting and removing only middle–aged or mature trees.
selective cutting
The clearing of trees from an area without replacement is called _______________.
deforestation
_______________ is the process by which trees are replanted to re-establish trees that have been cut down in forest land.
reforestation
Worldwide, more than _______________ % of all timber comes from forests that are not managed by an agency that monitors the health of forest ecosystems.
90
Today, the US has about _______________ National Parks.
50
Wilderness is an area in which the land and its ecosystems it supports are protected from all _______________.
exploitation
In attempts to protect wilderness from damage, _______________ have been set on the number of people permitted in some areas at any given time.
limits
_______________ is widespread starvation caused by a shortage of food.
famine
By 2050, the world’s farmers will need to feed about _______________ people.
9 billion
_______________ is a condition that occurs when people do not consume enough Calories or do not eat a sufficient variety of foods to fulfill all the body’s needs.
malnutrition
_______________ is the amount of food that can be produced in a given area.
yield
_______________ land is land that can be used to grow crops.
arable
Topsoil is the _______________ layer of soil.
surface
_______________ is the movement of rock and soil by wind and water.
erosion
_______________ is the process by which land in arid or semiarid areas becomes more desertlike.
desertification
_______________ is partly decomposed organic material.
compost
_______________ is the accumulation of salts in soil.
salinization
A pest is any organism that occurs where it is not wanted or that occurs in large enough numbers to cause _______________ damage.
economic
_______________ are chemicals used to kill insects, weeds, and other crop pests.
pesticides
_______________ _______________ _______________ is the use of living organisms to control pests.
biological pest management
_______________ _______________ _______________, or IPM, is a modern method of controlling pests on crops.
integrated pest management
_______________ crops, or genetically modified crops, utilize the process of modifying the genetic material in a living cell for a specific beneficial purpose.
GM
Domesticated animals are bred and managed for _______________ _______________.
human use
Catching or removing more organisms than the population can replace is called _______________.
overharvesting
_______________ is the raising of aquatic organisms for human use or consumption.
aquaculture
Cattle, sheep, and goats are _______________, which are cud chewing animals that have 3 or 4 chambered stomachs.
ruminants
