Chapter 14 Flashcards
Sometimes referred to as vertical markets. Products and se vices designed to target a specific industry (e.g., pharmaceutical, legal, apparel retail).
Vertical niches
Describes the use of cloud computing to provide excess capacity during periods of spiking demand. This is a scalability solution that is usually provided as an overflow service, kicking in as needed
Cloudbursting
Also known as “hardened”. Term used to describe technology products that contain particularly strong security features
Security-focused
A massive network of computer servers running software to coordinate their collective use. They provide the infrastructure backbone to SaaS and hardware cloud efforts, as well as many large-scale Internet services
Server farm
Where cloud providers offer services that include hardware, operating system, development tools, testing and hosting that its customers use to build their own applications on the provider’s infrastructure. In this scenario the cloud firm usually manages the platform (hosting, hardware, and supporting software), while the client had control over the creation and deployment of their application
Platform as a service (PaaS)
Unpredicted, but highly impactful events. Scalable computing resources can help a firm deal with spiking impact from these events. The phrase entered the managerial lexicon from the 2007 book of the same name by amassing Taleb.
Black swans
Software that is free and where anyone can look at it and potentially modify the code
Open source software (OSS)
A form of cloud computing where a firm develops its own software, and then runs it over the Internet on a service provider’s computers
Utility computing
A negotiated agreement between the customer and the vendor. It may specify the levels of availability, serviceability, performance, operation, or other commitment requirements.
Service level agreement (SLA)
Ability to either handle increasing workloads or to be easily expanded to manage workload increases. In a software context, systems aren’t scalable often require significant rewrites or the purchase or development of entirely new systems
Scalability
All the costs associated with the design, development, testing, implementation, documentation, training and maintenance of a software system
Total cost of ownership (TCO)
LAMP
An acronym standing for Linux, the Apache Web server software, the MySQL database, and any of several programming languages that start with P (e.g., Perl, Python, or PHP)
When a firm runs an instance of a PC’s software on another machine and simply delivers the image of what’s executing to the remote device. Using virtualization, a single server can run dozens of PCs, simplifying backup, upgrade, security, and administration.
Virtual desktop
A type of software that allows a single computer (or cluster of connected computers) to function as if it were several different computers, each running its own operating system and software. This software underpins most cloud computing efforts, and can make computing more efficient, cost-effective, and scalable.
Virtualization
Linux
An open source software operating system.
When cloud providers offer services that include running the remote hardware, storage, and networking (I.e., the infrastructure), but client firms can choose software used (which may include operating systems, programming languages, databases, and other software packages). In this scenario the cloud firm usually manages the infrastructure (keeping the hardware and networking running), while the client had control over most other things (operating systems, storage, deployed applications, and perhaps even security and networking features like firewalls and security systems).
Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
The cost of producing one more unit of a product
Marginal cost
A form of cloud computing where a firm subscribes to a third-party software and receives a service that is delivered online
Software as a service (SaaS)
Written with two zeros, pronounced “newb”. Geek-slang (leet speak) derogatory term for an uninformed or unskilled person.
n00b
Replacing computing resources - either an organization’s or individuals hardware or software - with services provided over the internet.
Cloud computing
A type of virtualization that allows for shared operating systems for more resource savings and faster execution. However, they still isolate applications so they execute and moved to different computing hardware, just like conventional virtualization.
Containers
Vertical niches
Sometimes referred to as vertical markets. Products and services designed to target a specific industry (e.g., pharmaceutical, legal, apparel retail).
It powers everything from media consumption to appliances, drives modern farming, scientific discovery, and even driving.
The software industry
The marginal cost to produce an additional copy of a software product
Effectively zero
A software technology that can make a single computer behave like many separate machines
Virtualization
FLOSS
Free/Libre/Open Source Software
5 reasons firms choose open source products over commercial alternatives
Cost Reliability Security Scalability Agility and Time to Market
Digital millennium copyright act
Important piece of legislation for creative industries like software, music, etc.
Criminalizes production and dissemination of technology, devices, or services intended to circumvent measures that control access to copyrighted works.
Criminalizes the act of circumventing an access control, whether or not there is actual infringement of copyright itself
Usually written by humans in a computer language such as Python, C, Ruby, Java, JavaScript, etc.
Cannot be compiled by computers
Compilers transform this into object code, which is executable
Software makers usually only provide the object code to users
Source code
Source code
Usually written by humans in a computer language such as Python, C, Ruby, Java, JavaScript, etc.
Computers cannot execute source code
Programs called compilers transform source code into object code, which is executable.
Software makers usually provide only the object code to users
Development paid for and controlled by a firm
Source code is held by the firm
Restricted distribution
Might be distributed for free
Proprietary software
Proprietary software
Development paid for and controlled by a firm
Source code is held by the firm
Restricted distribution
Might be distributed for free
Developed by a community Available source code Free (re)distribution No discrimination Technology neutral License must not restrict use of other software
Open source software
OSS license allows users to modify SW for internal use. However, different licenses impose different levels of restrictions on distribution of the derivative work
Derived works (modifications)
Modified (or unmodified) versions of the software/code can only be distributed under the same terms as the original software
Copyleft license
Derived works (modifications)
OSS license allows users to modify SW for internal use. However, different licenses impose different levels of restrictions on distribution of the derivative work
Copyleft licenses
Modified (or unmodified) versions of the software/code can only be distributed under the same terms as the original software
GPL (GNU General Public License)
Users must keep all modifications free and available if they intend to redistribute derived work based on open source code
Users must keep all modifications free and available if they intend to redistribute derived work based on open source code
GNU General Public License
Less restrictive on redistribution; allow (original or) modified versions of the software/code to be distributed under different terms than the original software/code (including proprietary, non-free)
Permissive free software licenses
2 examples of permissive free software licenses
Apache license
BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution License)
Advantages of using OSS
Lower license cost Creativity Reliability Security and Reliability Limited Lock-In
Disadvantages of using OSS
Unpredictable cost Support varies widely Security downside Compatibility and market fragmentation Legal risks
Hardware design (how the product is built) and the software to operate it are freely available
Open source hardware
Open source hardware
Hardware design (how the product is built) and the software to operate it are freely available
Used as a metaphor for (a set of resource infrastructures accessible over) the Internet
Cloud
A model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction
Cloud computing
Cloud computing
A model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction
Is cloud computing a model of renting or buying resources
Renting
Providers computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers
- multi-tenancy model
- location independence
Resource pooling
Resource pooling
Providers computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers
- multi-tenancy model
- location independence
Multiple users sharing one resource or infrastructure
Different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to consumer demand
Multi-tenancy model
Multi-tenancy model
Multiple users sharing one resource or infrastructure
Different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to consumer demand
Allow resources on one computer to be broken into multiple “virtual” minicomputers (many boxes in a box) inside which applications can be run separately
Virtualization
Virtualization
Allow resources on one computer to be broken into multiple “virtual” minicomputers (many boxes in a box) inside which applications can be run separately
Customers generally have little or no control or knowledge over the exact location of the hardware supporting the provided resources (like gmail)
Location independence
Location independence
Customers generally have little or no control or knowledge over the exact location of the hardware supporting the provided resources (like gmail)
4 characteristics of cloud computing
On-demand self service
Rapid elasticity
Measured service
Broad network access
Resource usage can be monitored, measured (according to various metrics), controlled/optimized (sometimes automatically), and reported providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service
Measured service
Wherever there is a network, you could have access
Broad network access
A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities (server time, network storage, applications, etc.) as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with each service provider
On-demand self-service
Resources can be rapidly and spastically provisioned, (sometimes automatically) to quickly scale out (expand) when needed
Rapidly released to quickly scale in
To the consumer, the resources available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be purchased in almost any quantity at any time
Rapid elasticity (scalability)
On-demand self-service
A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities (server time, network storage, applications, etc.) as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with each service provider
Rapid elasticity (scalability)
Resources can be rapidly and spastically provisioned, (sometimes automatically) to quickly scale out (expand) when needed
Rapidly released to quickly scale in
To the consumer, the resources available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be purchased in almost any quantity at any time
Measured service
Resource usage can be monitored, measured (according to various metrics), controlled/optimized (sometimes automatically), and reported providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service
Broad network access
Wherever there is a network, you could have access
The three service models of cloud computing
Software as a service
Platform as a service
Infrastructure as a service
Software applications (e.g., email) accessed by a user via a thin client interface (e.g., web browser, mobile app)
Software as a Service (SaaS)
Provides a platform (an environment with pre-installed software) allowing customers to develop, run and manage Web applications without the complexity of building and maintaining their own infrastructure typically associated with developing and launching an app
Platform as a Service (PaaS)
Raw processing power - ability to rent server instances - users get a lot of control over the environment
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
Provide support tools to manage deployment and operation in the cloud. They do not own the infrastructure
Brokers/Value-added Service Providers
The capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider’s applications running on a cloud infrastructure (not necessarily maintained by the provide of the application)
SaaS - for the users
The applications are accessible from various client devices through a “thin” client interface (such as a web browser)
SaaS - for the users
The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings
SaaS - for the users
The capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the providers (owned or contracted) cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications built using programming languages and tools supported by the provider
PaaS - for the developers
The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, or storage
Has control over the deployed applications and possibly application hosting environment configurations
PaaS - for the developers
The capability provided to the consumer is to rent processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources from the provider where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software (which can include operating systems and applications)
IaaS -for IS management
The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, deployed applications, and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., host firewalls)
IaaS -for IS management
Provide support and tools for deploying/running apps in the cloud
Do not own the cc infrastructure/platform but intermediate the access of the customer to the infrastructure/platform
The consumer does not manage the underlying cloud infrastructure but may gain (through the broker) control over which provider is used, how usage is balanced between resources, security, etc.
Brokers
The cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public or a large industry group and is owned by an organization selling cloud services
Ex. Amazon EC2, Rackspace, etc.
Public clouds
The cloud infrastructure is operated solely for an organization. It may be managed by the organization of a third party and may exist on premise or off premise
Private clouds
5 benefits of cloud computing
Subscription/pay-per-use models Increased efficiency Rapid access (to resources)/rapid deployment Scalability Greener computing
4 concerns regarding the adoption of cloud computing
Security
Availability
Lock-In
Legal
