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Biology 1113 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

What scientist experimented on pea plants in an effort to understand how a parent passed physical traits to its offsprings

A

Gregor Mendel

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2
Q

Based on Mendel’s results he concluded what

A

physical traits are passed to offspring through genetic factors called alleles

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3
Q

How did Mendel discover the basic principles of heredity

A

By breeding garden peas in carefully planned experiments

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4
Q

What is a character

A

a heritable feature that varies among individuals

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5
Q

What is a trait

A

Each variant for a character

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6
Q

what were some of the advantages of Mendel using peas

A
  1. shorten generation time
  2. large numbers of offspring
  3. Mating could be controlled; plants could be allowed to self pollinate or could be cross pollinated
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7
Q

What is true breeding

A

Plants that produce offspring of the same variety when they self pollinate

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8
Q

What is hybridization

A

mating two contrasting, true breeding varieties

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9
Q

What are the true breeding parents called

A

P generation

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10
Q

What is the hybrid offspring of the P generation called

A

F1 generation

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11
Q

How are F2 generations produced

A

When F1 individuals self pollinated or cross pollinated with other F1 hybrids

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12
Q

What is ration that Mendel found in the F2 generation of purple to white flowers

A

three to one

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13
Q

Mendel called a gene what

A

heritable factor

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14
Q

What is an example of a dominant trait

A

P is dominant because in the hybrid F1 (Pp) all the plants are purple

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15
Q

This is individuals with two identical alleles (PP and pp)- true breeding

A

homozygous

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16
Q

This is individuals with two different alleles (Pp)- will not breed true

A

Heterozygous

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17
Q

Genetic makeup of an individual

A

genotype

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18
Q

appearance of an individual

A

phenotype

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19
Q

What are the concepts that can be related to what we now know about genes chromosomes

A
  1. Alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited characters
  2. For each character, an organism inherits two alleles one from each parent
  3. if two alleles at a locus differ, then one determines the organisms appearance and the other has no noticeable effect on appearance
  4. two alleles for a heritable character separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes
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20
Q

What are the alternative versions of a gene

A

alleles

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21
Q

Each gene resides at a specific what on a specific chromosome

A

locus

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22
Q

Define the law of segregation

A

Two alleles for a heritable character separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes

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23
Q

How many alleles does an egg or sperm get that are present in the organism

A

One allele

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24
Q

this segregation of alleles corresponds to what

A

the distribution of homologous chromosomes to different gametes in meiosis

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25
Individuals with same phenotype can have different what
genotypes
26
What is a monohybrid cross
a cross between such heterozygotes
27
What is a dihybrid cross
a cross between F1 dihybrids
28
what can a dihybrid cross determine
determine whether two characters are transmitted to offspring as a package or independently
29
A punnett square can be used to determine what
gametes
30
The expected proportion of phenotypes is different if what
alleles assort independently or together
31
If two events depend upon one another their probabliites are what to get the probability of both occurring
multiplied
32
If two events do not depend on each other then the probabilties are what
added
33
What is it when one gene can override another gene
epistasis
34
what is random segregation
when two alleles separate into two different gametes
35
What is independent assortment
Don't sort based on parent, separate by homologous chromosomes
36
what is incomplete dominance
when having a single allele of a dominant trait does not allow production enough to display dominant trait.
37
i in red blood cells produces what
no factor
38
What is polygenic inheritance
multiple genes can contribute to a trait
39
What is an example of a polygenic inheritance
heart disease
40
Genes that are far apart on the same chromosome can have a recombination frequency near what
50%
41
Genes that are far apart on the same chromosome are physically linked but genetically unlinked and behave as what
as if found on different chromosomes
42
What is the greatest recombination possible
50%
43
Large scale chromosomal alterations in humans and other mammals often lead to what
spontaneous abortions or cause a variety of developmental disorders
44
Do plants tolerate such genetic changes better than animals
yes
45
What is a nondisjunction
pairs of homologous chromosomes do not separated normally during meiosis
46
What is a result of a nondisjunction
one gamete receives two of the same type of chromosome and another gamete receives no copy
47
What is a polyploidy chromosome
more than two sets of chromosomes
48
Are polyploidy chromosomes lethal in humans
yes
49
what is aneuploidy
abnormal chromosome number
50
what are some chromosome aberrations
1. Deletion 2. Duplications 3. Inversions 4. Translocations
51
What is the turner syndrome
1. Monosomy X | 2. Only known viable monosomy
52
What is down syndrome
1. Trisomy 21 | 2. Involves the smallest human chromosome
53
Aneuploidy results from what
from the fertilization of gametes in which nondisjunction occurred
54
Offspring with anueploidy have what
abnormal number of a particular chromosome
55
What is a monosomic zygote
zygote has only one copy of a particular chromosome
56
what is a trisomic zygote
zygote has three copies of a particular chromosome
57
What is polyploidy
a condition in which an organism has more than two complete sets of chromosomes
58
What is triploidy has how many sets of chromosomes
3
59
tetraploidy have how many sets of chromosomes
4
60
Are polyploidy common in plants?
yes
61
Polypoids are normal in appearance than what
aneuploids
62
breakage of a chromosome can lead to four types of changes in chromosome structure. name the four types of changes
1. Deletion 2. Duplication 3. Inversion 4. Translocation
63
This removes a chromosomal segment
deletion
64
this repeats a chromosomal segment
duplication
65
this reverses orientation of a segment within a chromosome
inversion
66
this moves a segment from one chromosome to another
translocation
67
alterations of chromosome number and structure are associated with what
some serious disorders
68
some types of aneuploidy appear to upset what less than others, resulting in individuals surviving to birth and beyond
genetic balance
69
Down syndrome is an example of what
aneuploid condition
70
what is the cri du chat syndrome
deletion of region of the short arm of chromosome 5
71
cri du chat syndrome causes what
mental retardation
72
According to Mendel's research the activity of a gen should not what
depend upon the parent from which it is inherited
73
Everyone has two copies of each gene, one inherited from their ___ and one from their ___
father, mother
74
what are genes that are only expressed from their paternal copy, as the copy from their mother is inhibited
maternally imprinted
75
what are the genes that are only expressed from their maternal copy as the copy from their father is inhibited
paternally imprinted
76
When are parental imprints established
during gametogenesis

Biology 1113 (4 decks)

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