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Biology 1113 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

What scientist experimented on pea plants in an effort to understand how a parent passed physical traits to its offsprings

A

Gregor Mendel

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2
Q

Based on Mendel’s results he concluded what

A

physical traits are passed to offspring through genetic factors called alleles

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3
Q

How did Mendel discover the basic principles of heredity

A

By breeding garden peas in carefully planned experiments

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4
Q

What is a character

A

a heritable feature that varies among individuals

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5
Q

What is a trait

A

Each variant for a character

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6
Q

what were some of the advantages of Mendel using peas

A
  1. shorten generation time
  2. large numbers of offspring
  3. Mating could be controlled; plants could be allowed to self pollinate or could be cross pollinated
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7
Q

What is true breeding

A

Plants that produce offspring of the same variety when they self pollinate

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8
Q

What is hybridization

A

mating two contrasting, true breeding varieties

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9
Q

What are the true breeding parents called

A

P generation

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10
Q

What is the hybrid offspring of the P generation called

A

F1 generation

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11
Q

How are F2 generations produced

A

When F1 individuals self pollinated or cross pollinated with other F1 hybrids

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12
Q

What is ration that Mendel found in the F2 generation of purple to white flowers

A

three to one

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13
Q

Mendel called a gene what

A

heritable factor

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14
Q

What is an example of a dominant trait

A

P is dominant because in the hybrid F1 (Pp) all the plants are purple

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15
Q

This is individuals with two identical alleles (PP and pp)- true breeding

A

homozygous

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16
Q

This is individuals with two different alleles (Pp)- will not breed true

A

Heterozygous

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17
Q

Genetic makeup of an individual

A

genotype

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18
Q

appearance of an individual

A

phenotype

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19
Q

What are the concepts that can be related to what we now know about genes chromosomes

A
  1. Alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited characters
  2. For each character, an organism inherits two alleles one from each parent
  3. if two alleles at a locus differ, then one determines the organisms appearance and the other has no noticeable effect on appearance
  4. two alleles for a heritable character separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes
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20
Q

What are the alternative versions of a gene

A

alleles

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21
Q

Each gene resides at a specific what on a specific chromosome

A

locus

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22
Q

Define the law of segregation

A

Two alleles for a heritable character separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes

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23
Q

How many alleles does an egg or sperm get that are present in the organism

A

One allele

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24
Q

this segregation of alleles corresponds to what

A

the distribution of homologous chromosomes to different gametes in meiosis

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25
Q

Individuals with same phenotype can have different what

A

genotypes

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26
Q

What is a monohybrid cross

A

a cross between such heterozygotes

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27
Q

What is a dihybrid cross

A

a cross between F1 dihybrids

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28
Q

what can a dihybrid cross determine

A

determine whether two characters are transmitted to offspring as a package or independently

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29
Q

A punnett square can be used to determine what

A

gametes

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30
Q

The expected proportion of phenotypes is different if what

A

alleles assort independently or together

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31
Q

If two events depend upon one another their probabliites are what to get the probability of both occurring

A

multiplied

32
Q

If two events do not depend on each other then the probabilties are what

A

added

33
Q

What is it when one gene can override another gene

A

epistasis

34
Q

what is random segregation

A

when two alleles separate into two different gametes

35
Q

What is independent assortment

A

Don’t sort based on parent, separate by homologous chromosomes

36
Q

what is incomplete dominance

A

when having a single allele of a dominant trait does not allow production enough to display dominant trait.

37
Q

i in red blood cells produces what

A

no factor

38
Q

What is polygenic inheritance

A

multiple genes can contribute to a trait

39
Q

What is an example of a polygenic inheritance

A

heart disease

40
Q

Genes that are far apart on the same chromosome can have a recombination frequency near what

A

50%

41
Q

Genes that are far apart on the same chromosome are physically linked but genetically unlinked and behave as what

A

as if found on different chromosomes

42
Q

What is the greatest recombination possible

A

50%

43
Q

Large scale chromosomal alterations in humans and other mammals often lead to what

A

spontaneous abortions or cause a variety of developmental disorders

44
Q

Do plants tolerate such genetic changes better than animals

A

yes

45
Q

What is a nondisjunction

A

pairs of homologous chromosomes do not separated normally during meiosis

46
Q

What is a result of a nondisjunction

A

one gamete receives two of the same type of chromosome and another gamete receives no copy

47
Q

What is a polyploidy chromosome

A

more than two sets of chromosomes

48
Q

Are polyploidy chromosomes lethal in humans

A

yes

49
Q

what is aneuploidy

A

abnormal chromosome number

50
Q

what are some chromosome aberrations

A
  1. Deletion
  2. Duplications
  3. Inversions
  4. Translocations
51
Q

What is the turner syndrome

A
  1. Monosomy X

2. Only known viable monosomy

52
Q

What is down syndrome

A
  1. Trisomy 21

2. Involves the smallest human chromosome

53
Q

Aneuploidy results from what

A

from the fertilization of gametes in which nondisjunction occurred

54
Q

Offspring with anueploidy have what

A

abnormal number of a particular chromosome

55
Q

What is a monosomic zygote

A

zygote has only one copy of a particular chromosome

56
Q

what is a trisomic zygote

A

zygote has three copies of a particular chromosome

57
Q

What is polyploidy

A

a condition in which an organism has more than two complete sets of chromosomes

58
Q

What is triploidy has how many sets of chromosomes

A

3

59
Q

tetraploidy have how many sets of chromosomes

A

4

60
Q

Are polyploidy common in plants?

A

yes

61
Q

Polypoids are normal in appearance than what

A

aneuploids

62
Q

breakage of a chromosome can lead to four types of changes in chromosome structure. name the four types of changes

A
  1. Deletion
  2. Duplication
  3. Inversion
  4. Translocation
63
Q

This removes a chromosomal segment

A

deletion

64
Q

this repeats a chromosomal segment

A

duplication

65
Q

this reverses orientation of a segment within a chromosome

A

inversion

66
Q

this moves a segment from one chromosome to another

A

translocation

67
Q

alterations of chromosome number and structure are associated with what

A

some serious disorders

68
Q

some types of aneuploidy appear to upset what less than others, resulting in individuals surviving to birth and beyond

A

genetic balance

69
Q

Down syndrome is an example of what

A

aneuploid condition

70
Q

what is the cri du chat syndrome

A

deletion of region of the short arm of chromosome 5

71
Q

cri du chat syndrome causes what

A

mental retardation

72
Q

According to Mendel’s research the activity of a gen should not what

A

depend upon the parent from which it is inherited

73
Q

Everyone has two copies of each gene, one inherited from their ___ and one from their ___

A

father, mother

74
Q

what are genes that are only expressed from their paternal copy, as the copy from their mother is inhibited

A

maternally imprinted

75
Q

what are the genes that are only expressed from their maternal copy as the copy from their father is inhibited

A

paternally imprinted

76
Q

When are parental imprints established

A

during gametogenesis

Biology 1113 (4 decks)

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