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Biology 1113 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the

simplest form of reproduction?

A

Asexual reproduction

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2
Q

The parent

contributes all of its what to the offspring

A

Chromosomes

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3
Q

What does asexual reproduction depend on exclusively

A

mitosis

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4
Q

Name one advantage of asexual reproduction

A

100% of genes of parent is passed on which is what we want biologically

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5
Q

Disadvantage of asexual reproduction

A

Organisms can easily be wiped out because they all have the same genes

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6
Q

Red blood cells do not have what

A

nucleus

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7
Q

In a hypotonic solution when the cells bursts does the cell’s nucleus burst? Explain reasoning

A

No because nucleus has nuclear pores that ions can easily pass through

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8
Q

What is a karyotype

A

the chromosome complement

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9
Q

The karyotype refers to what

A

a picture of the chromosome complement

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10
Q

Why can karyotypes be important

A

Sometimes be used to diagnose medical problems

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11
Q

Define genome

A

All the genes in the organism

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12
Q

What does homologous chromosomes make up?

A

the chromosomes that make up a pair

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13
Q

Homologous chromosomes have the same what

A

same gene and same order

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14
Q

What are the two sex chromosomes

A

X and Y

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15
Q

What is an autosome

A

any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

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16
Q

Your chromosome 1 is homologous to what

A

instructors chromosome 1

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17
Q

Your chromosome 1 is identical to whoses

A

no ones

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18
Q

What makes genes different

A

alleles

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19
Q

Define diploid organisms

A

organisms that have two sets of chromosomes

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20
Q

Where does each set of chromosomes in the diploid organism come from

A

One comes from the mother, the other comes from the father

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21
Q

Sister chromatids are what

A

identical sequences

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22
Q

How many sets of chromosomes does a haploid organism have

A

One set of chromosomes

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23
Q

How do haploid organisms typically reproduce

A

Asexaully

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24
Q

Diploid organisms have haploid cells called what

A

gametes

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25
Q

Gametes are used for what

A

reproduction

26
Q

Examples of gametes in humans are

A

sperm and eggs

27
Q

Haploid cells are produced through what specialized division

A

meiosis

28
Q

How many chromosomes are in a human somatic cell

A

46

29
Q

how many chromosomes in a germline cell in humans

A

23

30
Q

When does the reduction of chromosome number occur

A

meiosis

31
Q

Can life cycles be different between organisms

A

yes

32
Q

Do some life forms have complex life cycles

A

yes

33
Q

What is fertilization

A

combining of two haploid gametes to produce the diploid zygote

34
Q

What is the end product of fertlization

A

diploid zygote

35
Q

this is the growth of the somatic cells in the zygote

A

mitosis

36
Q

the body cells are known as what

A

somatic

37
Q

this is a specialized cell division to reduce chromosome number in the gametes

A

meiosis

38
Q

What three things happen during Prophase I of meiosis

A
  1. Chromosomes condense
  2. Homologous chromosomes pair up
  3. Homologous chromosomes cross over each other
39
Q

Define synapsis

A

homologous chromosome pairing up during meiosis

40
Q

This is the site of crossover between homologous chromosome’s during meiosis

A

chiasma

41
Q

this is the process of exchanging genetic material between homologues

A

homologous recombination

42
Q

After interphase the sister chromatids are held together by what

A

proteins called cohesins

43
Q

Where are the nonsister chromatids broken at

A

precisely corresponding positions

44
Q

What holds the homologs together tightly (zipper like structure)

A

synaptonemal complex

45
Q

How are DNA breaks repaired during meiosis

A

Joining DNA from one nonsister chromatid to the corresponding segment of another

46
Q

How does the process of DNA repair make molecules that are different from either parental strand

A

Allows exchange of the two DNA strands making recombinant DNA molecules that are different

47
Q

This type of reproduction conserves the number of chromosome sets, producing cells that are genetically identical to the parent

A

Mitosis

48
Q

This type of reproduction reduces the number of chromosomes sets from two to one, producing cells that differ genetically from each other and from the parent cell

A

meiosis

49
Q

What are the original source of genetic diversity

A

mutations

50
Q

Mutations create what

A

different versions of genes called alleles

51
Q

Reshuffling of what during sexual reproduction produces genetic variation

A

alleles

52
Q

What is responsible for most of the variation that arises in each generation

A

the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis and fertilization

53
Q

What three mechanisms contribute to genetic variation

A
  1. independent assortment of chromosomes
  2. crossing over
  3. random fertilization
54
Q

Homologous pairs of chromosomes orient when and how

A

randomly at metaphase I of meiosis

55
Q

In this each pair of chromosomes sorts maternal and paternal homologs into daughter cells independently of the other pairs

A

independent assortment

56
Q

The number of combinations possible when chromosomes assort independently into gametes is

A

2n (n= the haploid number)

57
Q

Crossing over produces what

A

recombinant DNA

58
Q

what is recombinant DNA

A

combine DNA inherited from each parent

59
Q

Crossing over contributes to genetic variation how

A

by combining DNA from two parents to a single chromosome

60
Q

What is the average crossover event in humans

A

1- 3 crossover events occurs per chromosome

Biology 1113 (4 decks)

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