Chapter 14

Question 1

Anxiety hierarchy

Answer 1

In systematic desensitization, a list of situations that precipitate anxiety reactions, ordered from lowest to highest severity. Often, items may be organized according to their spatial or temporal distance from the feared stimulus.

Question 2

Assertiveness training

Answer 2

Using behavioral rehearsal and other techniques to train people to express their needs effectively without infringing on the rights of others

Question 3

Aversion Therapy

Answer 3

A controversial type of treatment in which an undesired behavior is followed consistently by an unpleasant consequence, thus decreasing the strength of the behavior over time.

Question 4

Behavioral Rehearsal

Answer 4

A general technique for expanding the patient’s repertoire of coping behaviors. Successful behavioral rehearsal involves the new behaviors, selecting the target situations, conducting the rehearsal and providing feedback, and having the patient apply, the newly acquired skills in real-life situations.

Question 5

Behavior Therapy

Answer 5

A framework for treating disorders that is based on the principles of condition or learning, The behavioral approach is scientific in nature and deemphasizes the role of interred (i.e., unobservable) variable on behavior.

Question 6

Cognitive-behavioral Therapy

Answer 6

A therapy framework that emphasizes the role of thinking in the etiology and maintenance of problems. These attempt to modify the patterns of thinking that are believed to contribute to a patient’s problems and may also employ the principles of conditioning and learning to modify problematic behaviors

Question 7

Cognitive Therapy

Answer 7

A mode of therapy pioneered by Aaron Beck that focuses on the connection between thinking patterns, emotions, and behavior and uses both cognitive and behavioral techniques to modify the dysfunctional thinking patterns that characterize a disorder, Is an active, structured, and time limited and has been adapted for the treatment of several disorders

Question 8

Contingency Contracting

Answer 8

A contingency management technique in which the therapist and patient draw up a contract that specifies the behaviors that are desired and undesired as well as the consequences of engaging or failing to engage in these behaviors.

Question 9

Contingency Management

Answer 9

Any one of a variety of operant condition techniques that attempts to control a behavior by manipulating its consequences

Question 10

Counterconditioning

Answer 10

the principle of substituting relaxation for an anxiety response

Question 11

Covert Sensitization

Answer 11

A form of averision therapy in which patients are directed to imagine themselves engaging in an undesired behavior and then are instructed to imagine extremely aversive events occurring once they have the undesired behavior clearly in mind.

Question 12

Dialectical Behavior Therapy

Answer 12

A cognitive behavioral therapy developed by Marsha Linehan for boderline personality disorder and related conditions that teaches skills in mindfulness, emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and interpersonal effectiveness.

Question 13

Exposure Plus Response Prevention

Answer 13

A behavioral technique often used for the treatment of OCD. In this technique, the patient is exposed to the situation that spurs his or her obsession (e.g., touching a doorknob) and is prevented from engaging in the compulsive behavior that receives the obsession (e.g., repeated hand washing). Ultimately, the patient will habituate to his or her obsession, and the compulsive behavior will be extinguished.

Question 14

Exposure Therapy

Answer 14

A behavioral technique for reducing anxiety in which patients expose themselves (in real life or in fantasy) to stimuli or situations that are feared or avoided . To be effective, the exposure must provoke anxiety, must be of sufficient duration, and must be repeated until all anxiety is eliminated

Question 15

Extinction

Answer 15

The elimination of an undesired response (e.g, behavioral, emotional)

Question 16

Habituation

Answer 16

The elimination of a response that comes about from the repeated and/or prolonged presentation of the provoking stimulus

Question 17

Interoceptive Cues

Answer 17

Internal physiological stimuli (e.g., dizziness or nausea).

Question 18

Modeling

Answer 18

Also known as observational learning , the learning of a new skill or set of behaviors by observing another person perform these skills/ behaviors

Question 19

Overcorrection

Answer 19

A form of aversion therapy in which the client is made to “overcorrect” for the consequences of his or her undesired behavior

Question 20

Premack principle

Answer 20

also known as “Grandma’s rule,” the contingency management technique in which a behavior is reinforced by allowing the individual to engage in a more attractive activity once the target behavior is completed

Question 21

Rational-emotive Therapy (RET)

Answer 21

A therapy pioneered by Albert Ellis in which patients are forced to confront and correct their own illogical thinking. In Ellis’s system, a person’s beliefs about events, rather than the events themselves, determine the problematic emotional or behavioral consequences.

Question 22

Rational Restructuring

Answer 22

An eclectiv set of thechniques that teaches individuals to examine their assumptions about situations or the world in general and alter their ideas to be more realistic or rational.

Question 23

Relaxation

Answer 23

A state of lowered anxiety, stress, and physiological arousal. May be induced by tensing and then relxaing various muscle groups via breathing exercises, imagery exercises, or hypnosis.

Question 24

Response Cost

Answer 24

A form of aversion therapy in which positive reinforcers are removed following an undesired behaviors

Question 25

Shaping

Answer 25

A contingency management technique in which a behavior is developed by first rewarding any behavior that aporimates it and then by selectibely reinforcing behaviors that more and more resemble the target behavior

Question 26

Stress-inoculation training (SIT)

Answer 26

A technique developed by Donald Meichenbaum that attempts to precent problems by “inoculating” Patients to ongoing and future stressors. SIT involves educating patients about how certain appraisal patterns lead to stress, teaching them to idenfiy and cope with potential stressor, rehearsing these coping skills in the therapy setting, and consolidating these skills by applying them across a range of real life, stressful situations

Question 27

Succesive Approximation

Answer 27

Another term for shaping

Question 28

Symptom Substitution

Answer 28

The notion that if a symptom is removed without attending to the underlying pathology of an illness, another symptom will emerge to take its place

Question 29

Systematic Desensitization

Answer 29

A behavioral technique for reducing anxiety in which patients practice relaxation while visualizing anxiety-provoking situations of increasing intensity. In this way, the patient becomes “desensitized” to the feared stimulus

Question 30

Time-out

Answer 30

A contingency management technique in which a person is removed temporarily from the situation that is reinforcing the undesired behavior

Question 31

Token Economy

Answer 31

A system in which desired behaviors are promoted through the strict control of reinforcements. Establishing such a system requires specifying the immediate reinforcers for each behavior as well as the back up reinforcers for which patients can exchange their immediate reinforcers.