chapter 14 Flashcards
Civil war begins
the most deadly American war started April 12, 1861 when confederate forces fires on union troops at fort Sumter in Charleston
Union
population- 22 million
immigration- 800,000 immigrants during the war
African American soldiers- 180,000 African American in the union army
naval power- loyal U.S. navy, command of rivers and territorial waters
Military leaders- experienced military leaders
troop morale- high, especially after Gettysburg
Confederation
not many advantages over the union
Economic Union advantages
controlled most of the BANKING and capital of the country, controlled more than 85% of the FACTORIES, controlled more than 70% of the RAILROADS, controlled 65% of the FARMLAND
Cottton
confederates hoped that European demand for cotton would bring recognition and financial aid
Political advantages
UNION- well-established central government, experienced politicians, and two parties, fighting to preserve the Union
CONFEDERACY- weak central government, with lack of support, fighting for independence
Confederate states economy
was short on money and tried method to raise revenue like loans, income taxes, and impressment of private property
First Battle of Bull run
July 21, 1861, in Virginia, ended the illusion of a short war
Union strategy
general-in-chief Winfield Scott
- use the U.S. navy to blockade southern ports (anaconda plan)
- take control of the Mississippi river, dividing the confederacy in two
- raise and train an army 500,000 strong to conquer richmond
Abraham Lincoln
the 16th president of the United States, who led the union during the Civil War
Robert E. Lee
a skilled confederate general who led the army of northern Virginia
Stonewall Jackson
a skilled confederate general who played a key role in several battles
Ulysses S. Grant
a skilled Union general who led the Union army to victory in the war
William Tecumseh Sherman
a skilled Union general who led the march to sea, a campaign that devastated large portions of the confederacy
Habeas Corpus
a writ the requires a person to be brought before a court to determine whether they are being lawfully detained
Monitor vs. Merrimac
Monitor, Union, engaged Merrimac, Confederate, ironclad ship in a five hour duel on March 9, 1862. ended in a draw but monitor prevented marrimac from challenging U.S. naval blockade
Battle of Shiloh
was a union victory that opened up the state of Mississippi to union attack. one was of the bloodiest wars with over 23,000 casualties
Trent Affair
Union warship stopped a British ship and removed confederate diplomats James mason and John slidell. Britain threatened war over the incident, but Lincoln eventually released the diplomats
Lincoln concerns about ending slavery
- keeping the support of the border states
- the constitutional protections of slavery
- the racial prejudice of many northerners
- the fear the premature action could be overturned in the next election
first confiscation act (1861)
allowed the union to seize enemy property, including slaves
second confiscation act (1862)
freedom persons enslaved by anyone engaged in rebellion against the U.S., and empowered the president to use freed slaves in the union army
Emancipation Proclamation
- did not immediately free all slaves
- it only applied to areas outside of Union control
- it paved the way for the eventual abolition of slavery with eh passage of the 13th amendment
the 13th amendment
it abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime
Grant strategies
- war by attrition
- destruction of supply lines
siege of Vicksburg
Sherman’s March
- force of 100,000 men clear across the state of GA and then swept into SC
- destruction of enemy supplies
- disruption of enemy communication
- demoralization of the enemy
Election of 1864
George McClellan, democratic, platform for calling peace, 21 electoral, 45% popular
Abraham Lincoln, Unionist (Republican), abolish slavery, 212 electoral, 55% popular
End of the War
- surrender at Appomattox
- fall of Richmond
- Assassination of President Lincoln
effects on civilian life
- abolition of slavery
- shift in the balance of power between the north and south
- new definition of the nature of the federal union
Civil Liberties
- suspension of habeas corpus
- operation of the draft
- protection of civil liberties during war times
Financing the war
- borrowing $2.6 billion, obtained through the sale of government bonds
- raising tariffs
- adding excise taxes
-instituting the first income tax - issuing more than $430 million in paper currency know was Greenbacks (inflation)
Morrill Tariff act
raised tariff rates to increase revenues and protect american manufactures
Homestead act
promoted settlement of the great plains by offering parcels of 160 arches of public land free to any person or family that farmed that land for at least 5 years
Morrill land grant act
encouraged states to use the sale of federal land grants to maintain agricultural and technical colleges
pacific railway act
authorized the building of a transcontinental railroad over a northern route to link the economies of farms and plantation
impact on women
women played a role in the war as nurses. opened up for jobs for women in the nursing field. also was a social movement to secure equal rights for women that gained momentum during war
end of slavery
freed 4 million people, 3.5 million from Confederate states and 500,000 from border states. still faced oppression
