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Biol235 Quiz 3 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

cranial meninges

A

dura mater (2 layers), arachnoid mater, pia mater

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2
Q

dura mater layers (brain)

A

periosteal layer: external
meningeal layer: internal
fused together except where they enclose dural venous sinuses

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3
Q

brain vs SC epidural space

A

brain doesn’t have SC does

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4
Q

3 extensions of dura mater

A

falx cerebri: seperates cerebrum hemispheres
falx cerebelli: serperates cerebellum hemispheres
tentorium cerebelli: seperates cerebrum and cerebellum

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5
Q

how does blood flow to brain

A

internal carotid and vertebral arteries

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6
Q

how does blood in brain return to heart

A

the dural venous sinuses drain into internal jugular veins

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7
Q

brain body weight % compared to % of O2 and glucose consumed

A

2% body weight
consumes 20% of )2 and glucose used by body

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8
Q

interruption of blood flow for ____ impairs neuronal function

A

1-2 minutes

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9
Q

total deprivation of O2 for _____ causes permanent injury

A

4 minutes

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10
Q

BBB made of

A

tight junctions sealing endothelial cells
astrocytes secrete chemicals to maintain tightness

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11
Q

septum pellucidum

A

thin membrane seperating lateral ventricles

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12
Q

functions of CSF

A

mechanical protection
chemical protection
circulation

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13
Q

formation of CSF

A

made in choroid plexuses (network of blood capillaries in ventricle walls) and secreted by ependymal cells

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14
Q

BBB vs B-CSF-B

A

tight junctions of brain capillary endothelial cells vs tight junctions of ependymal cells

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15
Q

Circulation of CSF

A

lateral ventricles, interventricular foramina, third ventricle, aqueduct of midbrain, fourth ventricle, lateral/median apertures, subarachnoid space, arachnoid villi of dural venous sinuses

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16
Q

arachnoid granulation

A

cluster of arachnoid villi

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17
Q

rate of CSF production/reabsorption

A

20mL/h, 480mL/day

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18
Q

medulla oblongata (tracts, centers, nuclei, nerves(5))

A

contains sensory (ascending) and motor (descending) tracts

cardiovascular/medullary respiratory center

gracile, cuneate nuclei in post medulla for touch pressure vibration and conscious proprioception

gustatory, cochlear, vestibular nuclei

inferior olivary nucleus provides instructions that cerebellum uses when learning new motor skills

Vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerves, Glossopharyngeal (IX) nerves, Vagus (X) nerves, Accessory (XI) nerves, Hypoglossal (XII) nerves

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19
Q

Pons regions

A

ventral has pontine nuclei that use white matter tracts to connect motor CC to cerebellum

dorsal contains sensory and motor tracts and nuclei of cranial nerves

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20
Q

pontine respiratory group

A

helps control breathing

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21
Q

pons nuclei associated with what nerves

A

Trigeminal (V) nerves, Abducens (VI) nerves, Facial (VII) nerves, Vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerves

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22
Q

anterior midbrain

A

contains cerebral peduncles (paired bundles of axons)

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23
Q

posterior midbrain

A

AKA tectum, contains sup/inf colliculi

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24
Q

superior colliculi

A

post midbrain
coordinates movements of head, eyes, and trunk in response to visual stimuli

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25
Q

inferior colliculi

A

post midbrain
coordinates movements of head, eyes, and trunk in response to auditory stimuli

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26
Q

substantia nigra, red nuclei

A

contribute to control of movement

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27
Q

nuclei in pons associated with what nerves

A

Oculomotor (III) nerves, Trochlear (IV) nerves

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28
Q

cerebellum function

A

Smooths and coordinates contractions of skeletal muscles. Regulates posture and balance. May have role in cognition and language processing

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29
Q

reticular formation

A

broad region where white matter and gray matter exhibit a netlike arrangement from sup SC to inf diencephalon
Has RAS

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30
Q

cerebellum lobes

A

ant/post lobe govern subconscious aspects of skeletal muscle movements
flocculonodular lobe on inferior contributes to equilibrium

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31
Q

folia

A

cerebellum folds

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32
Q

arbor vitae

A

cerebellum white matter looks like tree

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33
Q

cerebellar peduncles

A

attach the cerebellum to the
brainstem
bundles of white matter consist of axons that conduct impulses between the cerebellum and other parts of the brain

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34
Q

diencephalon parts

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

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35
Q

interthalamic adhesion

A

bridge of grey matter connecting thalamus hemipsheres

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36
Q

internal medullary lamina

A

vertical Y-shaped white matter that divides the grey matter of the R/L sides of thalamus

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37
Q

internal capsule

A

thick band of white matter that has axons connecting CC to thalamus

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38
Q

7 groups of nuclei in thalamus

A

anterior, medial, lateral, ventral, intralaminar, midline, reticular

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39
Q

thalamus functions

A

Relays almost all sensory input to
cerebral cortex. Contributes to motor functions by transmitting information from cerebellum and basal nuclei to primary motor area of cerebral cortex. Plays role in maintenance of
consciousness.

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40
Q

hypothalamus regions (4)

A

mammillary: posterior
tuberal: infundibulum, median eminence (encircles infundibulum)
supraoptic: sup to optic chiasm, hypothalamohypophyseal tract
preoptic: anterior to supraoptic

41
Q

hypothalamus functions

A

control of ANS
production of hormones
regulation of emotional/behavioural patterns
regulation of eating/drinking
control of body temp
regulation of circadian rythyms

42
Q

epithalamus

A

Consists of pineal gland (secretes
melatonin) and habenular nuclei (involved in olfaction)

43
Q

circumventricular organs (CVOs)

A

hypothalamus, pineal/pituitary gland that monitor chemical changes in blood because no BBB

44
Q

describe the cortex, gyri, fissures, and sulci of the cerebrum

A

cortex: outer grey region
gyri: folds
fissures: deepest grooves
sulci: shallow grooves

45
Q

corpus callosum

A

broad band of white matter containing axons that connect cerebral hemispheres

46
Q

locate the lobes of the cerebrum

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
insula in lateral cerebral sulcus

47
Q

central sulcus

A

separates frontal and parietal lobes

48
Q

precentral gyrus

A

primary motor area

49
Q

poscentral gyrus

A

primary somatosensory gyrus

50
Q

lateral cerebral sulcus

A

separates frontal and temporal

51
Q

association tracts

A

cerebral white tracts that contain axons that conduct nerve impulses between gyri in the same hemisphere

52
Q

commisural tracts

A

cerebral white tracts conduct NI from on hemisphere to opposite hemisphere

corpus callosum, ant/post commisure

53
Q

projection tracts

A

cerebral white tracts conduct NI from cerebrum to lower CNS

internal capsule

54
Q

describe the nuclei that compose the basal nuclei

A

globus pallidus (closer to thalamus) and putamen (closer to CC) = lentiform nucleus
caudate nucleus: comma shaped
lentiform+caudate= corpus striatum

55
Q

stimulation vs removal or amygdala

A

rage vs lack fear/agression

56
Q

claustrum

A

thin sheet of gray matter situated lateral to the putamen

57
Q

hippocampus function

A

cells capable of mitosis to function in memory

58
Q

limbic system parts

A

limbic lobe, dentate gyrus, amygdala, septal nuclei, mammillary bodies, ant/med nuclei of thalamus, olfactory bulbs

59
Q

primary somatosensory area

A

postcentral gyrus (areas 1,2,3)
touch, pressure, vibration, itch, tickle, temperature, pain, and proprioception and is involved in the perception of these somatic sensations

60
Q

primary visual area

A

area 17, posterior tip of occipital

61
Q

primary auditory area

A

area 41/42, superior temporal lobe near lateral cerebral sulcus

62
Q

primary gustatory area

A

43, in insula

63
Q

primary olfactory area

A

area 28, medial temporal lobe

64
Q

primary motor area

A

area 4, precentral gyrus of frontal lobe

65
Q

Broca’s speech area

A

area 44/45, frontal lobe close to lateral cerebral sulcus 97% in left hemipshere, thoughts to words

66
Q

somatosensory association area function

A

5,7 post to primary; recognize objects by touching them

67
Q

facial recognition area function

A

20,21,37 in inferior temporal lobe; I from visual association; recognize faces

68
Q

visual association area function

A

18,19 in occipital lobe; recognize object by looking

69
Q

auditory association area function

A

22, inf/post to primary; recognize sound as speech music or noise

70
Q

orbitofrontal cortex function

A

11, lat part of frontal; from prim olfaction, identify odors

71
Q

wernicke’s area function

A

post language area, 22, left temporal/parietal lobes; words to thoughts

72
Q

common integrative area

A

5,7,39,40; bordered
by somatosensory, visual, and auditory association areas; formation of thoughts

73
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

frontal association area (9,10,11,12)
personality, intellect, complex learning abilities, recall of information, initiative, judgment, foresight, reasoning, conscience, intuition, mood, planning for the future, and development of abstract ideas

74
Q

premotor area

A

6, ant to primary; learned motor activities of sequential nature like writing name

75
Q

frontal eye field area

A

8 in frontal cortex; voluntary scanning movements of eyes

76
Q

hemispheric lateralization

A

Right: music, emotion, facial recognition, odor discrimination, generating mental images to compare spatial relationships (without=monotone)

left: reasoning, numbers, spoken/written language, sign language (without=aphasia)

77
Q

alpha waves

A

8-13 Hz, awake and resting with eye closed

78
Q

beta waves

A

14-30Hz, NS active (sensory input/mental activity)

79
Q

theta waves

A

4-7 Hz, emotional stress

80
Q

Delta waves

A

1-5 Hz, deep sleep in adults, awake in babies

81
Q

brain waves signifigance

A

indicate electrical activity of CC

82
Q

cranial nerve numbers are in ______ order

A

anterior to posterior

83
Q

special sensory nerves (3)

A

I, II, VIII

84
Q

motor nerves (5)

A

III, IV, VI, XI, XII

85
Q

mixed nerves (4)

A

V, VII, IX, X sensory and motor axons

86
Q

identify the termination of the olfactory (I) nerve in the brain, the foramen through which it passes, and its function

A

end in olfactory bulbs in cribriform plate, olfactory foramina in cribriform plate, special sensory olfactory

87
Q

identify the termination of the optic (II) nerve in the brain, the foramen through which it exits the skull, and its function

A

end in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, optic foramen, special sensory vision

88
Q

identify the origins of the oculomotor (III) nerve in the brain, the foramen through which each exits the skull, and their functions

A

anterior midbrain, superior orbital fissure,
somatic: Movement of eyeballs
Motor: upper eyelid Adjusts lens for near vision (accommodation).
Constriction of pupil.

89
Q

identify the origins of the trochlear (IV) nerve in the brain, the foramen through which each exits the skull, and their functions

A

posterior aspect of brainstem/trochlear nuclei, superior orbital fissure
movement of eyeball

90
Q

identify the origins of the abducens (VI) nerve in the brain, the foramen through which each exits the skull, and their functions

A

nucleus in pons, superior orbital fissure
movement of eyeballs

91
Q

identify the origin of the trigeminal (V) nerve in the brain, describe the foramina through which each of its three major branches exits the skull, and explain the function of each branch

A

anterolateral surface of mid pons

opthamalic: sup orbital fissure;
sensory axons from the skin over the upper eyelid, cornea, lacrimal glands, upper part of the nasal cavity, side of the nose, forehead, and anterior half of the scalp

maxillary: foramen rotundum; sensory axons from the mucosa of the nose, palate, part of the pharynx, upper teeth, upper lip, and lower eyelid

mandibular: foramen ovale; sensory axons from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue (not taste), cheek and mucosa deep to it, lower teeth, skin over the mandible and side of the head anterior to the ear, and mucosa of the floor of the mouth

Chewing and controls middle ear muscle

92
Q

identify the origins of the facial (VII) nerve in the brain, the foramen through which it exits the skull, and its function

A

pons/geniculate nuclei, stylomastoid foramen,
taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue
touch, pain, thermal from external ear canal
control of facial expression/middle ear muscles
secretion of tears/saliva

93
Q

identify the origin of the vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve in the brain, the foramen through which it exits the skull, and the functions of each of its branches

A

Vestibular branch:vestibular nuclei and pons/cerebellum; foramen? equilibrium

Choclear branch: medulla/thalamus and spiral ganglia; foramen? hearing

94
Q

dentify the origin of the glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve in the brain, the foramen through which it exits the skull, and its function

A

medulla, sup/inf ganglia, jugular foramen,
Taste from posterior 1/3 tongue
Proprioception in some swallowing muscles
Monitors BP and O2/CO2 in blood
Touch, pain, and thermal sensations from skin of external ear and upper pharynx
Assists in swallowing
Secretion of saliva

95
Q

identify the origin of the vagus (X) nerve in the brain, the foramen through which it exits the skull, and its function

A

medulla/pons, jugular foramen
Taste from epiglottis.
Proprioception from throat and voice box muscles.
Monitors BP and O2/CO2 in blood
Touch, pain, and thermal sensations from skin of external ear.
Sensations from thoracic and abdominal organs.
Swallowing, vocalization, and coughing.
Motility and secretion of gastrointestinal organs.
Constriction of respiratory passageways.
Decreases heart rate

96
Q

identify the origin of the accessory (XI) nerve in the spinal cord, the foramina through which it first enters and then exits the skull, and its function

A

ant grey horn of C1-C5, foramen magnum then exit jugular foramen,
Movement of head and pectoral girdle

97
Q

identify the origin of the hypoglossal (XII) nerve in the brain, the foramen through which it exits the skull, and its function

A

medulla, hypoglossal canal
Speech, manipulation of food, and swallowing

98
Q

MNEMONIC FOR CRANIAL NERVES

A

Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Very Green Vegetables AH!

Olfactory Optic Oculomotor Trochlear Trigeminal Abducens Facial Vestibulocochlear Glossopharyngeal Vagus Accessory Hypoglossal

Biol235 Quiz 3 (3 decks)

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