Chapter 14 Flashcards
cranial meninges
dura mater (2 layers), arachnoid mater, pia mater
dura mater layers (brain)
periosteal layer: external
meningeal layer: internal
fused together except where they enclose dural venous sinuses
brain vs SC epidural space
brain doesn’t have SC does
3 extensions of dura mater
falx cerebri: seperates cerebrum hemispheres
falx cerebelli: serperates cerebellum hemispheres
tentorium cerebelli: seperates cerebrum and cerebellum
how does blood flow to brain
internal carotid and vertebral arteries
how does blood in brain return to heart
the dural venous sinuses drain into internal jugular veins
brain body weight % compared to % of O2 and glucose consumed
2% body weight
consumes 20% of )2 and glucose used by body
interruption of blood flow for ____ impairs neuronal function
1-2 minutes
total deprivation of O2 for _____ causes permanent injury
4 minutes
BBB made of
tight junctions sealing endothelial cells
astrocytes secrete chemicals to maintain tightness
septum pellucidum
thin membrane seperating lateral ventricles
functions of CSF
mechanical protection
chemical protection
circulation
formation of CSF
made in choroid plexuses (network of blood capillaries in ventricle walls) and secreted by ependymal cells
BBB vs B-CSF-B
tight junctions of brain capillary endothelial cells vs tight junctions of ependymal cells
Circulation of CSF
lateral ventricles, interventricular foramina, third ventricle, aqueduct of midbrain, fourth ventricle, lateral/median apertures, subarachnoid space, arachnoid villi of dural venous sinuses
arachnoid granulation
cluster of arachnoid villi
rate of CSF production/reabsorption
20mL/h, 480mL/day
medulla oblongata (tracts, centers, nuclei, nerves(5))
contains sensory (ascending) and motor (descending) tracts
cardiovascular/medullary respiratory center
gracile, cuneate nuclei in post medulla for touch pressure vibration and conscious proprioception
gustatory, cochlear, vestibular nuclei
inferior olivary nucleus provides instructions that cerebellum uses when learning new motor skills
Vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerves, Glossopharyngeal (IX) nerves, Vagus (X) nerves, Accessory (XI) nerves, Hypoglossal (XII) nerves
Pons regions
ventral has pontine nuclei that use white matter tracts to connect motor CC to cerebellum
dorsal contains sensory and motor tracts and nuclei of cranial nerves
pontine respiratory group
helps control breathing
pons nuclei associated with what nerves
Trigeminal (V) nerves, Abducens (VI) nerves, Facial (VII) nerves, Vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerves
anterior midbrain
contains cerebral peduncles (paired bundles of axons)
posterior midbrain
AKA tectum, contains sup/inf colliculi
superior colliculi
post midbrain
coordinates movements of head, eyes, and trunk in response to visual stimuli
inferior colliculi
post midbrain
coordinates movements of head, eyes, and trunk in response to auditory stimuli
substantia nigra, red nuclei
contribute to control of movement
nuclei in pons associated with what nerves
Oculomotor (III) nerves, Trochlear (IV) nerves
cerebellum function
Smooths and coordinates contractions of skeletal muscles. Regulates posture and balance. May have role in cognition and language processing
reticular formation
broad region where white matter and gray matter exhibit a netlike arrangement from sup SC to inf diencephalon
Has RAS
cerebellum lobes
ant/post lobe govern subconscious aspects of skeletal muscle movements
flocculonodular lobe on inferior contributes to equilibrium
folia
cerebellum folds
arbor vitae
cerebellum white matter looks like tree
cerebellar peduncles
attach the cerebellum to the
brainstem
bundles of white matter consist of axons that conduct impulses between the cerebellum and other parts of the brain
diencephalon parts
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
interthalamic adhesion
bridge of grey matter connecting thalamus hemipsheres
internal medullary lamina
vertical Y-shaped white matter that divides the grey matter of the R/L sides of thalamus
internal capsule
thick band of white matter that has axons connecting CC to thalamus
7 groups of nuclei in thalamus
anterior, medial, lateral, ventral, intralaminar, midline, reticular
thalamus functions
Relays almost all sensory input to
cerebral cortex. Contributes to motor functions by transmitting information from cerebellum and basal nuclei to primary motor area of cerebral cortex. Plays role in maintenance of
consciousness.
hypothalamus regions (4)
mammillary: posterior
tuberal: infundibulum, median eminence (encircles infundibulum)
supraoptic: sup to optic chiasm, hypothalamohypophyseal tract
preoptic: anterior to supraoptic
hypothalamus functions
control of ANS
production of hormones
regulation of emotional/behavioural patterns
regulation of eating/drinking
control of body temp
regulation of circadian rythyms
epithalamus
Consists of pineal gland (secretes
melatonin) and habenular nuclei (involved in olfaction)
circumventricular organs (CVOs)
hypothalamus, pineal/pituitary gland that monitor chemical changes in blood because no BBB
describe the cortex, gyri, fissures, and sulci of the cerebrum
cortex: outer grey region
gyri: folds
fissures: deepest grooves
sulci: shallow grooves
corpus callosum
broad band of white matter containing axons that connect cerebral hemispheres
locate the lobes of the cerebrum
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
insula in lateral cerebral sulcus
central sulcus
separates frontal and parietal lobes
precentral gyrus
primary motor area
poscentral gyrus
primary somatosensory gyrus
lateral cerebral sulcus
separates frontal and temporal
association tracts
cerebral white tracts that contain axons that conduct nerve impulses between gyri in the same hemisphere
commisural tracts
cerebral white tracts conduct NI from on hemisphere to opposite hemisphere
corpus callosum, ant/post commisure
projection tracts
cerebral white tracts conduct NI from cerebrum to lower CNS
internal capsule
describe the nuclei that compose the basal nuclei
globus pallidus (closer to thalamus) and putamen (closer to CC) = lentiform nucleus
caudate nucleus: comma shaped
lentiform+caudate= corpus striatum
stimulation vs removal or amygdala
rage vs lack fear/agression
claustrum
thin sheet of gray matter situated lateral to the putamen
hippocampus function
cells capable of mitosis to function in memory
limbic system parts
limbic lobe, dentate gyrus, amygdala, septal nuclei, mammillary bodies, ant/med nuclei of thalamus, olfactory bulbs
primary somatosensory area
postcentral gyrus (areas 1,2,3)
touch, pressure, vibration, itch, tickle, temperature, pain, and proprioception and is involved in the perception of these somatic sensations
primary visual area
area 17, posterior tip of occipital
primary auditory area
area 41/42, superior temporal lobe near lateral cerebral sulcus
primary gustatory area
43, in insula
primary olfactory area
area 28, medial temporal lobe
primary motor area
area 4, precentral gyrus of frontal lobe
Broca’s speech area
area 44/45, frontal lobe close to lateral cerebral sulcus 97% in left hemipshere, thoughts to words
somatosensory association area function
5,7 post to primary; recognize objects by touching them
facial recognition area function
20,21,37 in inferior temporal lobe; I from visual association; recognize faces
visual association area function
18,19 in occipital lobe; recognize object by looking
auditory association area function
22, inf/post to primary; recognize sound as speech music or noise
orbitofrontal cortex function
11, lat part of frontal; from prim olfaction, identify odors
wernicke’s area function
post language area, 22, left temporal/parietal lobes; words to thoughts
common integrative area
5,7,39,40; bordered
by somatosensory, visual, and auditory association areas; formation of thoughts
prefrontal cortex
frontal association area (9,10,11,12)
personality, intellect, complex learning abilities, recall of information, initiative, judgment, foresight, reasoning, conscience, intuition, mood, planning for the future, and development of abstract ideas
premotor area
6, ant to primary; learned motor activities of sequential nature like writing name
frontal eye field area
8 in frontal cortex; voluntary scanning movements of eyes
hemispheric lateralization
Right: music, emotion, facial recognition, odor discrimination, generating mental images to compare spatial relationships (without=monotone)
left: reasoning, numbers, spoken/written language, sign language (without=aphasia)
alpha waves
8-13 Hz, awake and resting with eye closed
beta waves
14-30Hz, NS active (sensory input/mental activity)
theta waves
4-7 Hz, emotional stress
Delta waves
1-5 Hz, deep sleep in adults, awake in babies
brain waves signifigance
indicate electrical activity of CC
cranial nerve numbers are in ______ order
anterior to posterior
special sensory nerves (3)
I, II, VIII
motor nerves (5)
III, IV, VI, XI, XII
mixed nerves (4)
V, VII, IX, X sensory and motor axons
identify the termination of the olfactory (I) nerve in the brain, the foramen through which it passes, and its function
end in olfactory bulbs in cribriform plate, olfactory foramina in cribriform plate, special sensory olfactory
identify the termination of the optic (II) nerve in the brain, the foramen through which it exits the skull, and its function
end in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, optic foramen, special sensory vision
identify the origins of the oculomotor (III) nerve in the brain, the foramen through which each exits the skull, and their functions
anterior midbrain, superior orbital fissure,
somatic: Movement of eyeballs
Motor: upper eyelid Adjusts lens for near vision (accommodation).
Constriction of pupil.
identify the origins of the trochlear (IV) nerve in the brain, the foramen through which each exits the skull, and their functions
posterior aspect of brainstem/trochlear nuclei, superior orbital fissure
movement of eyeball
identify the origins of the abducens (VI) nerve in the brain, the foramen through which each exits the skull, and their functions
nucleus in pons, superior orbital fissure
movement of eyeballs
identify the origin of the trigeminal (V) nerve in the brain, describe the foramina through which each of its three major branches exits the skull, and explain the function of each branch
anterolateral surface of mid pons
opthamalic: sup orbital fissure;
sensory axons from the skin over the upper eyelid, cornea, lacrimal glands, upper part of the nasal cavity, side of the nose, forehead, and anterior half of the scalp
maxillary: foramen rotundum; sensory axons from the mucosa of the nose, palate, part of the pharynx, upper teeth, upper lip, and lower eyelid
mandibular: foramen ovale; sensory axons from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue (not taste), cheek and mucosa deep to it, lower teeth, skin over the mandible and side of the head anterior to the ear, and mucosa of the floor of the mouth
Chewing and controls middle ear muscle
identify the origins of the facial (VII) nerve in the brain, the foramen through which it exits the skull, and its function
pons/geniculate nuclei, stylomastoid foramen,
taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue
touch, pain, thermal from external ear canal
control of facial expression/middle ear muscles
secretion of tears/saliva
identify the origin of the vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve in the brain, the foramen through which it exits the skull, and the functions of each of its branches
Vestibular branch:vestibular nuclei and pons/cerebellum; foramen? equilibrium
Choclear branch: medulla/thalamus and spiral ganglia; foramen? hearing
dentify the origin of the glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve in the brain, the foramen through which it exits the skull, and its function
medulla, sup/inf ganglia, jugular foramen,
Taste from posterior 1/3 tongue
Proprioception in some swallowing muscles
Monitors BP and O2/CO2 in blood
Touch, pain, and thermal sensations from skin of external ear and upper pharynx
Assists in swallowing
Secretion of saliva
identify the origin of the vagus (X) nerve in the brain, the foramen through which it exits the skull, and its function
medulla/pons, jugular foramen
Taste from epiglottis.
Proprioception from throat and voice box muscles.
Monitors BP and O2/CO2 in blood
Touch, pain, and thermal sensations from skin of external ear.
Sensations from thoracic and abdominal organs.
Swallowing, vocalization, and coughing.
Motility and secretion of gastrointestinal organs.
Constriction of respiratory passageways.
Decreases heart rate
identify the origin of the accessory (XI) nerve in the spinal cord, the foramina through which it first enters and then exits the skull, and its function
ant grey horn of C1-C5, foramen magnum then exit jugular foramen,
Movement of head and pectoral girdle
identify the origin of the hypoglossal (XII) nerve in the brain, the foramen through which it exits the skull, and its function
medulla, hypoglossal canal
Speech, manipulation of food, and swallowing
MNEMONIC FOR CRANIAL NERVES
Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Very Green Vegetables AH!
Olfactory Optic Oculomotor Trochlear Trigeminal Abducens Facial Vestibulocochlear Glossopharyngeal Vagus Accessory Hypoglossal
