Chapter 14 Flashcards by Melissa Unknown

Indicates its chemical family

Generic

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given to a drug by its manufacturer

Proprietary or trade names

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These standards include strict rules concerning efficiency (effectiveness), purity, potency (strength), safety, and toxicity (potential for harm) of both prescription and nonprescription over-the-counter (OTC) medications.

STANDARDS FOR CONTROL OF DRUGS

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term that means effectiveness

Efficiency

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Term that means strength

Potency

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Two medication properties

Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics

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is a process involving the movement of a drug from the site of administration into the systemic circulation to produce a desired effect.

Absorption

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How are meds absorbed

Oral medications are absorbed through the mucosal lining of the gastrointestinal tract. Other medications are injected and absorbed through the blood vessels in the muscles, subcutaneous tissues, or dermal layers. When medications are injected directly into a vein or artery, no absorption is needed.

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is the means by which a drug travels from the bloodstream to the target tissue and site of action. This process depends on adequate circulation. Drugs act more quickly in organs with an abundant blood supply, such as the liver, heart, brain, and kidneys.

Distribution

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is the process by which the body transforms drugs into an inactive form that can be excreted from the body.

Metabolism

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Where are most drugs metabolized in the drugs

Most drug metabolism occurs in the liver, where enzymatic action transforms a drug into metabolites (products of metabolism) that can be excreted via the intestinal tract or the kidneys.

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refers to the elimination of drugs from the body after they have been metabolized.

Excretion

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Some of examples of how dugs may be excreted

-Drugs may be excreted by way of the kidneys, intestines, lungs, breast milk, or exocrine glands. The kidneys are the chief organs of excretion, but the route depends largely on the chemical makeup of the drug.
- Portions of some drugs can escape metabolism and be excreted unchanged in urine or feces.

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-Defined as the study of the way the body processes a drug
-Includes how drugs are absorbed, reach their site of action, are metabolized, and are eliminated from the body
-Affects the response of persons to drugs (Varies according to age, physical condition, sex, weight, and immune status)

Pharmacokinetics

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Another way that alcohol or certain anesthetics may be excreted

-Volatile substances such as alcohol and certain anesthetics are excreted through the lungs.
-Example, postoperative patients are encouraged to cough and breathe deeply to help clear their bodies of the anesthetic agent.
-Other drugs are metabolized in the liver, excreted into the bile, and then routed through the intestines for elimination.

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Toxic effects of medication can occur when the drug accumulates in the body resulting in

Overdose
Impaired elimination
Advanced age
Impaired metabolism
Drug sensitivity

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-Purpose of the medication
-Usually, drug binds to receptor sites on cells

Therapeutic Effect

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-Usually, drug binds to receptor sites on cells

Cause of therapeutic effect

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examples of therapeutic effect

Pain relief, blood pressure control, reduced inflammation

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examples of side effect

Nausea, headache, insomnia, dry mouth

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Related to the chemical and therapeutic characteristics

causes of side effect

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Effect other than the desired

Side effect

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Poisonous, potentially lethal

Toxic effect

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Inadequate excretion, impaired metabolism, overdose, or drug sensitivity

cause of toxic effect

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examples of toxic effect

Respiratory depression, kidney failure

examples of Idiosyncratic effect

Sedative causes anxiety; appetite suppressant increases appetite; mild stimulant causes extreme excitation

cause of Idiosyncratic effect

Unknown, unique to individuals

Overreaction, underreaction, unusual reaction

Idiosyncratic effect

Characteristic response to an allergen

allergic response

cause of allergic response

Previous sensitization to an initial dose of the medication or one of its components

examples of allergic response

Hives, asthma attack, bronchospasm

examples of synergistic effect

Combination of hypertension medication and diuretic drug causes weakness and fainting

cause of synergistic effect

Chemical or physiological drug interaction

Responses to combined drugs that differ from their individual effects

Synergistic effect

useful effect

medication

to prevent disease, treatment of some kind

drug

Specific drugs that treats a toxic effect is called an

antidote.

reaction occurs when a patient overreacts or underreacts to a drug or has an unusual reaction.

idiosyncratic

reaction occurs when a patient has been sensitized to the initial dose of a medication and developed an allergic reaction to the allergen and related drugs.

allergic

-Termed antihistamines -Diphenhydramine hydrochloride (Benadryl) is more commonly used in imaging. -Epinephrine (adrenaline) is administered for severe reactions

Medications Used to Treat Allergic Reactions

-Category includes antiseptics, such as Betadine. -Antibiotics are also in this category. -used to disinfect

Antimicrobials

Used to control or prevent seizures

Anticonvulsants

Used to treat chronic cardiac arrhythmias

Antiarrhythmics

-Relieve pain without causing a loss of consciousness -Range from controlled narcotics to over-the-counter (OTC) medications, such as ibuprofen and aspirin

Analgesics

Exert a quieting effect, often inducing sleep.

Sedatives and tranquilizers

Used to counteract the effects of other drugs, such as sedatives and analgesics

Antagonists

Used to eliminate sensation in a specific area before a painful procedure

Local anesthetics

May be administered for insertion of an endotracheal airway or to combative patients to facilitate diagnosis and treatment

Paralytic agents

Control the level of glucose in the blood, primarily as a treatment for diabetes mellitus

Hypoglycemic agents

Drugs used to reduce blood pressure.

Antihypertensives

example of anticonvulsant

Diazepam (valium)

what reduces anxiety better

Tranquilizers reduce anxiety better than sedatives.

examples of Sedatives and Tranquilizers

Examples—lorazepam (Ativan) and diazepam (Valium)

examples of antagonists

Examples—flumazenil (Romazicon) and naloxone (Narcan)

example of local anesthetics

Example—lidocaine (Xylocaine)

what is type I usually treated with

Type I is usually treated with insulin.

what is type II usually treated with

Type II may be treated with metformin (Glucophage), a sulfonylurea (Amaryl or Glucotrol), tolbutamide (Orinase), chlorpropamide (Diabinase), or rosiglitazone (Avandia).

two principle types of Antihypertensives

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors Beta blockers

are substances prescribed for treatment that produce therapeutically useful effects.

Medications

the more general term, denotes substances used in diagnosis, treatment, or disease prevention, or as a component of a medication.

drugs

name that identifies its chemical family

generic

potential for harm

toxicity

injected to eliminate sensation in a specific area before a painful procedure

anesthetic

is the study of the way the body processes a drug and includes how drugs are absorbed, reach their site of action, are metabolized (physically and chemically changed), and exit the body.

Pharmacokinetics

physically and chemically changed

metabolized

is a process involving the movement of a drug from the site of administration into the systemic circulation to produce a desired effect

absorption

products of metabolism) that can be excreted via the intestinal tract or the kidneys.

metabolites

refers to the elimination of drugs from the body after they have been metabolized.

excretion

is the study of the effects of drugs on the normal physiological functions of the body

Pharmacodynamics

poisonous

toxic

A drug that produces this type of specific action and promotes the desired result is referred to as an

Agonist

A drug that attaches itself to the receptor, preventing the agonist from acting, is called an

antagonist

The specific drug that treats a toxic effect is called an

Antidote

reaction occurs when a patient overreacts or underreacts to a drug or has an unusual reaction.

idiosyncratic

reaction occurs when a patient has been sensitized to the initial dose of a medication and develops an allergic response to the allergen (substance to which a sensitivity has been established) and related drugs.

allergic reaction

substance to which a sensitivity has been established

allergen

additive) effect that may go far beyond the desired outcome.

synergistic

are drugs that can relieve pain without causing a loss of consciousness. As a group, opioids are the most effective analgesics.

Analgesics

describes any drug, natural or synthetic, that acts similarly to morphine

opioid

is the more specific term applied only to natural opium derivatives.

opiate

“sleep-inducing” and was once used as a synonym for analgesic, but this word can no longer be used with precision because it has come to stand for too many different things.

narcotic

exert a quieting effect, often inducing sleep. They are not analgesics but may provide relief from pain by promoting muscle relaxation.

Sedatives and tranquilizers

powerful

potent

list medications for arrhythmias

*adenocard *cordarone *isoptin *pronestyl *xylocaine

medications for allergic reaction

decadron and benadryl

blood thinners

-Anticoagulants *heaprin *coumadin *warfarin

what med is used for colon spasm

glucogon

what med is used for chest pain

nitro

what med is used for hyper insulin

glucophage metforman

angina

chest pain administer med sublinqual (under tongue)

medication for seizures

dilantin

medication for bradychardia

atropine

med for shock, hypotension

dobutrex

medications for shock

intropin and levophed

med for edema

lasix

med for cardiac arrest, anaphylaxis

epinephrine

med for metabolic acidosis

sodium bicarbonate

med for laxatives

cathartics

med for angina

nitroglycerine

what is a trade name for diphenhydramine

benedryl

epinephrine is the generic name what is the trade name

adrenaline

what is the generic drug for acetylsaliclic acid

aspirin

what ways could benedryl be administered

orally, IM, IV

what are the ways epinephrine can be adminsitered

SQ, IM, IV

edema

swelling

what ways are diazepam adminsitered

IV or IM

patients receiving opoids should be monitored for resp. depression . what monitoring equipment would you use

pulse oximeter

trade name for diazepam

valium

how can narcan be administered

SC or IM or dilute and give IV

examples of benzos

ativan, valium, versed