Chapter 14 Flashcards
Indicates its chemical family
Generic
given to a drug by its manufacturer
Proprietary or trade names
These standards include strict rules concerning efficiency (effectiveness), purity, potency (strength), safety, and toxicity (potential for harm) of both prescription and nonprescription over-the-counter (OTC) medications.
STANDARDS FOR CONTROL OF DRUGS
term that means effectiveness
Efficiency
Term that means strength
Potency
Two medication properties
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
is a process involving the movement of a drug from the site of administration into the systemic circulation to produce a desired effect.
Absorption
How are meds absorbed
Oral medications are absorbed through the mucosal lining of the gastrointestinal tract. Other medications are injected and absorbed through the blood vessels in the muscles, subcutaneous tissues, or dermal layers. When medications are injected directly into a vein or artery, no absorption is needed.
is the means by which a drug travels from the bloodstream to the target tissue and site of action. This process depends on adequate circulation. Drugs act more quickly in organs with an abundant blood supply, such as the liver, heart, brain, and kidneys.
Distribution
is the process by which the body transforms drugs into an inactive form that can be excreted from the body.
Metabolism
Where are most drugs metabolized in the drugs
Most drug metabolism occurs in the liver, where enzymatic action transforms a drug into metabolites (products of metabolism) that can be excreted via the intestinal tract or the kidneys.
refers to the elimination of drugs from the body after they have been metabolized.
Excretion
Some of examples of how dugs may be excreted
-Drugs may be excreted by way of the kidneys, intestines, lungs, breast milk, or exocrine glands. The kidneys are the chief organs of excretion, but the route depends largely on the chemical makeup of the drug.
- Portions of some drugs can escape metabolism and be excreted unchanged in urine or feces.
-Defined as the study of the way the body processes a drug
-Includes how drugs are absorbed, reach their site of action, are metabolized, and are eliminated from the body
-Affects the response of persons to drugs (Varies according to age, physical condition, sex, weight, and immune status)
Pharmacokinetics
Another way that alcohol or certain anesthetics may be excreted
-Volatile substances such as alcohol and certain anesthetics are excreted through the lungs.
-Example, postoperative patients are encouraged to cough and breathe deeply to help clear their bodies of the anesthetic agent.
-Other drugs are metabolized in the liver, excreted into the bile, and then routed through the intestines for elimination.
Toxic effects of medication can occur when the drug accumulates in the body resulting in
Overdose
Impaired elimination
Advanced age
Impaired metabolism
Drug sensitivity
-Purpose of the medication
-Usually, drug binds to receptor sites on cells
Therapeutic Effect
-Usually, drug binds to receptor sites on cells
Cause of therapeutic effect
examples of therapeutic effect
Pain relief, blood pressure control, reduced inflammation
examples of side effect
Nausea, headache, insomnia, dry mouth
Related to the chemical and therapeutic characteristics
causes of side effect
Effect other than the desired
Side effect
Poisonous, potentially lethal
Toxic effect
Inadequate excretion, impaired metabolism, overdose, or drug sensitivity
cause of toxic effect
examples of toxic effect
Respiratory depression, kidney failure
examples of Idiosyncratic effect
Sedative causes anxiety; appetite suppressant increases appetite; mild stimulant causes extreme excitation
cause of Idiosyncratic effect
Unknown, unique to individuals
Overreaction, underreaction, unusual reaction
Idiosyncratic effect
Characteristic response to an allergen
allergic response
cause of allergic response
Previous sensitization to an initial dose of the medication or one of its components
examples of allergic response
Hives, asthma attack, bronchospasm
examples of synergistic effect
Combination of hypertension medication and diuretic drug causes weakness and fainting
cause of synergistic effect
Chemical or physiological drug interaction
Responses to combined drugs that differ from their individual effects
Synergistic effect
useful effect
medication
to prevent disease, treatment of some kind
drug
Specific drugs that treats a toxic effect is called an
antidote.
reaction occurs when a patient overreacts or underreacts to a drug or has an unusual reaction.
idiosyncratic
reaction occurs when a patient has been sensitized to the initial dose of a medication and developed an allergic reaction to the allergen and related drugs.
allergic
-Termed antihistamines
-Diphenhydramine hydrochloride (Benadryl) is more commonly used in imaging.
-Epinephrine (adrenaline) is administered for severe reactions
Medications Used to Treat Allergic Reactions
-Category includes antiseptics, such as Betadine.
-Antibiotics are also in this category.
-used to disinfect
Antimicrobials
Used to control or prevent seizures
Anticonvulsants
Used to treat chronic cardiac arrhythmias
Antiarrhythmics
-Relieve pain without causing a loss of consciousness
-Range from controlled narcotics to over-the-counter (OTC) medications, such as ibuprofen and aspirin
Analgesics
Exert a quieting effect, often inducing sleep.
Sedatives and tranquilizers
Used to counteract the effects of other drugs, such as sedatives and analgesics
Antagonists
Used to eliminate sensation in a specific area before a painful procedure
Local anesthetics
May be administered for insertion of an endotracheal airway or to combative patients to facilitate diagnosis and treatment
Paralytic agents
Control the level of glucose in the blood, primarily as a treatment for diabetes mellitus
Hypoglycemic agents
Drugs used to reduce blood pressure.
Antihypertensives
example of anticonvulsant
Diazepam (valium)
what reduces anxiety better
Tranquilizers reduce anxiety better than sedatives.
examples of Sedatives and Tranquilizers
Examples—lorazepam (Ativan) and diazepam (Valium)
examples of antagonists
Examples—flumazenil (Romazicon) and naloxone (Narcan)
example of local anesthetics
Example—lidocaine (Xylocaine)
what is type I usually treated with
Type I is usually treated with insulin.
what is type II usually treated with
Type II may be treated with metformin (Glucophage), a sulfonylurea (Amaryl or Glucotrol), tolbutamide (Orinase), chlorpropamide (Diabinase), or rosiglitazone (Avandia).
two principle types of Antihypertensives
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
Beta blockers
are substances prescribed for treatment that produce therapeutically useful effects.
Medications
the more general term, denotes substances used in diagnosis, treatment, or disease prevention, or as a component of a medication.
drugs
name that identifies its chemical family
generic
potential for harm
toxicity
injected to eliminate sensation in a specific area before a painful procedure
anesthetic
is the study of the way the body processes a drug and includes how drugs are absorbed, reach their site of action, are metabolized (physically and chemically changed), and exit the body.
Pharmacokinetics
physically and chemically changed
metabolized
is a process involving the movement of a drug from the site of administration into the systemic circulation to produce a desired effect
absorption
products of metabolism) that can be excreted via the intestinal tract or the kidneys.
metabolites
refers to the elimination of drugs from the body after they have been metabolized.
excretion
is the study of the effects of drugs on the normal physiological functions of the body
Pharmacodynamics
poisonous
toxic
A drug that produces this type of specific action and promotes the desired result is referred to as an
Agonist
A drug that attaches itself to the receptor, preventing the agonist from acting, is called an
antagonist
The specific drug that treats a toxic effect is called an
Antidote
reaction occurs when a patient overreacts or underreacts to a drug or has an unusual reaction.
idiosyncratic
reaction occurs when a patient has been sensitized to the initial dose of a medication and develops an allergic response to the allergen (substance to which a sensitivity has been established) and related drugs.
allergic reaction
substance to which a sensitivity has been established
allergen
additive) effect that may go far beyond the desired outcome.
synergistic
are drugs that can relieve pain without causing a loss of consciousness. As a group, opioids are the most effective analgesics.
Analgesics
describes any drug, natural or synthetic, that acts similarly to morphine
opioid
is the more specific term applied only to natural opium derivatives.
opiate
“sleep-inducing” and was once used as a synonym for analgesic, but this word can no longer be used with precision because it has come to stand for too many different things.
narcotic
exert a quieting effect, often inducing sleep. They are not analgesics but may provide relief from pain by promoting muscle relaxation.
Sedatives and tranquilizers
powerful
potent
list medications for arrhythmias
*adenocard
*cordarone
*isoptin
*pronestyl
*xylocaine
medications for allergic reaction
decadron and benadryl
blood thinners
-Anticoagulants
*heaprin
*coumadin
*warfarin
what med is used for colon spasm
glucogon
what med is used for chest pain
nitro
what med is used for hyper insulin
glucophage metforman
angina
chest pain
administer med sublinqual (under tongue)
medication for seizures
dilantin
medication for bradychardia
atropine
med for shock, hypotension
dobutrex
medications for shock
intropin and levophed
med for edema
lasix
med for cardiac arrest, anaphylaxis
epinephrine
med for metabolic acidosis
sodium bicarbonate
med for laxatives
cathartics
med for angina
nitroglycerine
what is a trade name for diphenhydramine
benedryl
epinephrine is the generic name what is the trade name
adrenaline
what is the generic drug for acetylsaliclic acid
aspirin
what ways could benedryl be administered
orally, IM, IV
what are the ways epinephrine can be adminsitered
SQ, IM, IV
edema
swelling
what ways are diazepam adminsitered
IV or IM
patients receiving opoids should be monitored for resp. depression . what monitoring equipment would you use
pulse oximeter
trade name for diazepam
valium
how can narcan be administered
SC or IM
or dilute and give IV
examples of benzos
ativan, valium, versed
