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Psychology > Chapter 14/15 - Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 14/15 - Psychological Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Through what can we reduce the stigma on mental illnesses?

A

Through education

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2
Q

What is there to consider when defining abnormal behaviour?

A

The 3 D’s:
Deviance
Dysfunction
Distress
EXTRA; duration

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3
Q

What is the historical view on mental disorders?

A
  • Demonic possessions
  • Supernatural (e.g. witches)
  • moral failings/poor character
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4
Q

Over the last 200 years, with what did the view on mental disorders change?

A

Medical model

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5
Q

What is the idea behind the medical model?

A

Changes the perspective and approach on abnormal behaviours: illness with possible cure

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6
Q

What is the term that refers to collecting information relevant to the diagnosis of a patient?

A

Assessment (building a connection with patient and illness)

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7
Q

What are the three things to assess in a patient?

A

1) problem
2) state/lvl of problem
3) clinical treatment type

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8
Q

What are the two steps in clinical treatments?

A

1- formulate plan
2- monitor progress

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9
Q

What is associated with the assessment results in a clinical diagnosis?

A

Labelling

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10
Q

What are the benefits associated with labelling?

A

1) helps clinicians to predict behaviours
2) can inform treatment decisions
3) allows research in specific risk factors
4) individual find comfort in diagnosis

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11
Q

What is the theory that states that causes a person to act in accordance with the diagnosis

A

Labelling theory of mental illness

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12
Q

What is the most popular mental illness classification system?

A

DSM; diagnostic and statistical manual on mental disorders

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13
Q

What are the two models of psychological disorders that comes after the medical model?

A

1) biopsychosocial model
2) diathesis-stress model

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14
Q

What is the term for the feeling of having the disease they are studying for medical students?

A

Medical students disease

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15
Q

What disorder is associated with a vague sense of being in danger?

A

Anxiety disorder

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16
Q

Give me three examples of anxiety disorder discussed in class

A

1) panic disorder; w/ or w/o agoraphobia
2) social anxiety
3) phobic disorder

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17
Q

What is the term for an irrational fear of a particular object or situation?

A

Specific phobias

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18
Q

What is an older term for social anxiety disorder?

A

Social phobia

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19
Q

What are the 5 types of phobias?

A
  • Animal
  • Natural environment
  • Situational
  • Blood or injury
  • Others
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20
Q

What type of therapy is the exposure therapy?

A

A behaviour therapy; change maladaptive behaviour

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21
Q

When a person avoids their fear, the act of avoidance relates to what type of behaviour?

A

Negative reinforcement

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22
Q

What is the term for ranking your fear from lowest to highest?

A

Fear hierarchy

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23
Q

In exposure therapy, what is the step after classifying one’s fear in a fear hierarchy?

A

Graded exposure

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24
Q

What are two reason why exposure therapy might not work?

A

1) going through the steps too fast
2) didn’t repeat the exposure enough

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25
Q

What are the 6 steps of exposure therapy?

A

1) make a list (fear hierarchy)
2) make an end goal
3) exposure hierarchy
4) face your fear
5) repeat
6) reinforce courage = sense of accomplishment = dopamine (reward + motivation chemical)

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26
Q

What type of disorder is the panic disorder part of?

A

Anxiety disorder

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27
Q

What is the physical feeling panic attacks are similar to?

A

Heart attacks

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28
Q

What is the term for repeated panic attacks that results in a fear of panic attacks happening?

A

Panic attack disorder

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29
Q

What is the name for the fear of being in a situation difficult to escape or get help?

A

Agoraphobia

30
Q

What is the term for the coexistence of more than one disorder?

A

Comorbidity

31
Q

What disorder is characterized by the excessive and persistent worry about a number of different things?

A

GAD (general anxiety disorder)

32
Q

What does the biopsychosocial and distressing-stress models allow for compared to the medical model?

A

Allow for a more integrative approach

33
Q

What is a good way of treating the specific anxiety disorder of phobias?

A

Exposure therapy

34
Q

That is the imagery presented in class relating to the idea of mood states that vary along a continuum?

A

Mood thermometer (low=depression; high=mania)

35
Q

What type of disorder is associated with the alterations in emotional state?

A

Mood disorders

36
Q

What is the term describing a person that fluctuate between the two ends of the mood thermometer?

A

Bipolar

37
Q

What is the name of the unipolar condition associated with the ‘low’ end of the mood thermometer?

A

MDD (major depressive disorder)

38
Q

How long do you have to show 5+ symptoms in order to be diagnosed with MDD?

A

2+ weeks

39
Q

If your episodes show 1+ signs of mania during MDD assessment, what type of disorder will you likely to be considered in?

A

Qualify to a bipolar condition (3)

40
Q

What is the term for the inability to experience pleasure?

A

Anhedonia

41
Q

What are two particular times periods of depression can be experienced?

A

1) seasonal affective disorder
2) postpartum depression

42
Q

What are the four reasons why women are more likely to experience depression than men?

A

1) hormonal changes
2) greater life stresses
3) external locus of control in life (less control)
4) more likely to ruminate of previous memories

43
Q

What type of bipolar disorder is associated with being the only one going to the full range of mania and depression?

A

Bipolar I

44
Q

What bipolar disorder fluctuates the mood between hypomania and depression?

A

Bipolar II

45
Q

What type of bipolar disorder fluctuates between the range of hypomania, but doesn’t not go into the full range of depression?

A

Cyclothymic disorder

46
Q

What is the tranquil/normal mood state, when not suffering from mood disorder?

A

Euthymia

47
Q

Between manic episodes and depressive episodes, which one would women be more likely to experience?

A

Depressive episodes

48
Q

Which disorder is more likely to have goal directed goals?

A

Mania

49
Q

What is the difference between hypomania and mania?

A

Hypomania doesn’t significantly affect daily life

50
Q

What is the most used way to treat mood disorders?

A

CBT (cognitive behavioural therapy)

51
Q

What form of therapy is the CBT part of?

A

Psychotherapy

52
Q

What is psychotherapy more focused on?

A

Problem-oriented + present difficulties

53
Q

What is CBT inspired of?

A

Cognitive model of depression

54
Q

Who proposed the cognitive model of depression?

A

Aaron beck

55
Q

What does the cognitive model of depression include regarding the pov of the patient?

A

Negative triad

56
Q

What is the negative triad?

A

Negative view of:
World
Self
Future

57
Q

What does negative thoughts, such as the negative triad, lead to?

A

Cognitive distortions

58
Q

What are the 10 types of cognitive distortions?

A

PLAJMMODEC
- all or nothing
- mental filter
- overgeneralizing
- disqualifying the positive
- jumping to conclusion (2)
- magnification and minimisation
- emotional reasoning
- critical words (must, should)
- labelling
- personalization

59
Q

What is the term for readjusting thinking after cognitive distortion?

A

Cognitive restructuring

60
Q

What term is used to describe how often episodes of mood disorders occur?

A

Epidemiology

61
Q

What does treatment do in regards to the epidemiology of mood disorders?

A

It shortens the length in time of future episodes

62
Q

Usually, how long does CBT last?

A

6-20 weekly/biweekly sessions

63
Q

How many steps is there to CBT?

A

5 steps

64
Q

What are the five steps of CBT?

A

1- assessment
2- goal setting + treatment formulation
3- active intervention + skill building
4- maintenance + relapse prevention
5- termination and evaluation

65
Q

What is mainly used in treating bipolar disorders?

A

Mood stabilizers

66
Q

What is the role of CBT in treating bipolar disorders?

A

Adjunctive treatment during its depression and maintenance phases:
- reduce severity
- enhance medication compliance
- recognize patterns of upcoming episodes
- for comorbide conditions

67
Q

In pharmacotherapy, how many major classes of antidepressants is there?

A

5

68
Q

What is the most used antidepressant and why?

A

SSRIs; less side effects and highest chance of success

69
Q

What does the SSRI treat do to your neurons?

A

Blocks the reuptake of the serotonin, hormone for mood regulation, and lingers more in the synapse

70
Q

What is the risk associated with using antidepressants when treating bipolar disorders?

A

Risk of triggering manic episode

71
Q

What is the first step when testing the effectiveness of a new medication

A

Determining the operational definition

Psychology (4 decks)

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