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Sensation & Perception > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

what is orthonasal olfaction?

A

perceiving odors through the nostrils

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2
Q

what is retronasal olfaction?

A

perceiving odors through the mouth while breathing/chewing

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3
Q

what are the molecular properties of odorants?

A

volatile and hydrophobic

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3
Q

what does retronasal olfaction give us?

A

the experience of flavor

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4
Q

what is the olfactory epithelium?

A

the “retina” of the nose

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5
Q

what do sustentacular cells/supporting cells do?

A

maintain metabolic and physical support

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6
Q

what are basal cells/stem cells do?

A

they are precursor cells to olfactory sensory neurons

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7
Q

what are olfactory sensory neurons?

A

receptors for odorant molecules

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8
Q

how does a hard blow to the head cause anosmia?

A

a hard blow can fracture the cribriform plate, slicing axons

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9
Q

what animals are super smellers?

A

pigs and elephants

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10
Q

how are dogs better at smelling than humans?

A

they have 100x more olfactory sensory neurons

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11
Q

what is the order process of smelling?

A

olfactory nerves, olfactory bulb, primary olfactory cortex

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12
Q

what is the orbitofrontal cortex for?

A

determines pleasure/displeasure in food; secondary olfactory cortex

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13
Q

what is included in the limbic system?

A

primary olfactory cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, entorhinal cortex

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14
Q

what is the entorhinal cortex for?

A

emotion and memory

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15
Q

what are pseudogenes?

A

non-functional genes

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16
Q

what does the number of copies of a gene have to do with sensitivity?

A

the more copies = the more sensitive

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17
Q

what does the trigeminal nerve do?

A

gives the “feel” of an odorant; responds to stimuli around the mouth, nose, eyes

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18
Q

what is the shape-pattern theory?

A

odorant molecules and olfactory receptors have different shapes, and the detection of an odorant depends on how well the shapes fit together

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19
Q

what is binaral rivalry?

A

competition between the two nostrils for odor perception

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20
Q

what does synthesis mean?

A

we smell mixtures of odorants

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21
Q

what does analytical mean?

A

we smell one scent at a time

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22
Q

what is the tip-of-the-nose phenomenon?

A

inability to name an odor even though it is familiar

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23
Q

what is the correct order of the psychophysical methods in studying olfaction?

A

detection, discrimination, recognition

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24
Q

how do you measure detection?

A

the staircase method

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25
Q

how do you measure discrimination?

A

the triangle test

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26
Q

how do you measure recognition?

A

labeling with the correct identification of the odor

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27
Q

do women or men have a better sense of smell?

A

women

28
Q

what happens with odor sensation with age?

A

it declines; odor receptors die off and few regenerate

29
Q

what is receptor adaptation?

A

continual exposure to an odorant leads to a decrease in detection

30
Q

what is cross-adaptation?

A

a reduction in detection of one odorant after exposure to a different odorant

31
Q

what is cognitive habituation?

A

after long-term exposure, you are unable to detect the same odor

32
Q

what does odor hedonics mean?

A

the likeness level of an odor

33
Q

what is the vomeronasal organ?

A

chemical-sensing organ for pheromones

34
Q

what are pheromones?

A

a chemical emitted by one animal that triggers a physiological/behavioral response in another member of the same species

35
Q

what do primer pheromones do?

A

change hormones

36
Q

what do releaser pheromones do?

A

change behavior

37
Q

what are chemosignals?

A

various chemicals emitted by humans that change mood, behavior, hormones, sexual arousal

38
Q

what is taste?

A

sensations caused by contact to receptors on the tongue and roof of the mouth

39
Q

what is flavor?

A

produced by retronasal olfaction

40
Q

what is retronasal olfaction?

A

gives the experience of flavor by perceiving odors through the mouth while breathing or chewing

41
Q

what is the chorda tympani?

A

carries information from taste receptors to the brain

42
Q

what is the foliate papillae?

A

contains taste buds on sides of tongue in the back

43
Q

what is the filiform papillae?

A

no taste function; for “grooming” in cats

44
Q

what is the fungiform papillae?

A

contains taste buds; supertasters have more; mushroom shaped

45
Q

what is the circumvallate papillae?

A

contains taste buds; inverted V, circular shaped

46
Q

why is the tongue map a myth?

A

doesn’t predict real-world taste sensitivities/intensities; there is very little variation in taste thresholds

47
Q

what is the gustatory cortex?

A

insular cortex

48
Q

what are the 4 basic tastes?

A

sweet, salty, bitter, sour

49
Q

what is the purpose of salty?

A

maintains nerve and muscle functions; loss of it leads to death

50
Q

what is the purpose of sour?

A

for likeness; high concentration will damage internal and external body tissues

51
Q

what is the purpose of bitter?

A

protects plants from predators; signals toxicity; protects from cancer

52
Q

what is the purpose of sweet?

A

source of energy

53
Q

what is salt and sour made from?

A

ions

54
Q

what is bitter and sweet made from?

A

proteins

55
Q

why is umami not considered a basic taste?

A

protein molecules are too large to stimulate taste or olfaction

56
Q

why is fat not considered a basic taste?

A

fat is sensed on the digestive tract, not the mouth

57
Q

what alleles are nontasters born with?

A

2 recessive alleles

58
Q

what alleles are tasters born with?

A

1 or 2 dominant alleles

59
Q

what taste are supertasters sensitve to?

A

bitter; they eat less greens

60
Q

what causes a supertaste?

A

more fungiform papillae

61
Q

what are health consequences of taste variations?

A

diets can lead to disease, nontasters are more likely to drink and smoke

62
Q

what is the specific hungers theory?

A

deficiency in a nutrient produces cravings for it

63
Q

what is evidence for specific hungers theory?

A

boy craved salt because of a tumor, treatment for schizophrenia

64
Q

what is evidence against specific hungers theory?

A

rats just avoided the diet that made them sick, children ate a variety of food because they were bored with just one

65
Q

what is evidence that taste preferences are genetically determined?

A

children avoided odors unpleasant to their mothers

66
Q

what is the labeled lines theory?

A

each nerve fiber carries a particular stimulus quality

67
Q

what is evidence that preferences for chili peppers are learned?

A

chilis are added to the diet of children from a young age, children observe their family members

Sensation & Perception (3 decks)

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