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Sensation & Perception > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

what is spatial orientation made up of?

A

linear motion, angular motion, tilt

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2
Q

what is linear motion?

A

translation (changes in x, y, z axis)

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3
Q

what is angular motion?

A

rotation

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4
Q

what axis is pitch?

A

y-axis

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5
Q

what axis is roll?

A

x-axis

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6
Q

what axis is yaw?

A

z-axis

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7
Q

what is tilt?

A

individuals orientation based on gravity (forward/backward)

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8
Q

what is vertigo?

A

the sensation of rotation/spinning

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9
Q

what does the vestibulo-ocular reflex do?

A

helps stabilize vision by counter-rotating the eyes when the vestibular system senses head movement

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10
Q

what is active sensing?

A

self-generated probing of the environment

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11
Q

what is graviception?

A

sense of the relative orientation of gravity based on the organism

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12
Q

why is graviception important?

A

words describe actions that define human movement (standup, sitdown, etc.)

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13
Q

what does the vestibular system do?

A

helps with balance, kinethesia, and visual clarity

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14
Q

how does the vestibular system help with visual clarity?

A

stabilizes the eyes during movement

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15
Q

what do semicircular canals sense?

A

angular acceleration/velocity

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16
Q

what do orolith organs sense?

A

linear acceleration/velocity and gravity

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17
Q

what position is the x-axis relative to an individual?

A

facing forward, through the nose

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18
Q

what position is the y-axis relative to an individual?

A

out the left ear

19
Q

what position is the z-axis relative to an individual?

A

out the top of the head

20
Q

how do hair cells operate as mechanical transducers?

A

responds to head movement through stereocilia deflection which changes the hair cell voltage and neurotransmitter release, which causes action potentials in the brain

21
Q

what are ampulla?

A

swellings from semicircular canals that contain crista which senses angular motion

22
Q

how does the direction and amplitude change during head rotation?

A

increases in one direction and decrease in the other, signaling the amplitude of direction

23
Q

where are utricle and saccule located?

A

orolith organs

24
Q

what do utricle and saccule sense?

A

gravity and linear acceleration

25
Q

how does velocity storage affect rotation perception?

A

prolongs the rotational response after the signal is gone

26
Q

how has translation perception been studied?

A

passively translating participants short distances while in a chair in the dark, then having them use a joystick to move the distance they believe they moved

27
Q

what was found when studying translation perception?

A

participants were accurate in their movement and even correctly guessed the velocity without being asked

28
Q

how has tilt perception been studied?

A

verbally asking participants to tilt a handheld probe a certain degree

29
Q

what was found when studying tilt perception?

A

participants were accurate for angles less than 90 degrees

30
Q

what is vection?

A

an illusory sense of self-motion caused by moving visual cues when one is not actually moving

31
Q

what are examples of vection?

A

watching an imax movie, the car next to you moving, looking at water flow beneath you

32
Q

why is it important for the vestibular system to distinguish between self-generated and externally-generated movements?

A

it’s essential for perceptual stability and accurate motor control

33
Q

what is the purpose of efference copies?

A

helps the brain predict the expected sensory results of motor commands

34
Q

how does the vestibular system contribute to autonomic functions?

A

regulates blood flow by informing the nervous system about the position and motion of the world

35
Q

what is motion sickness?

A

a disagreement between the motion and orientation signals

36
Q

where are multisensory visual and auditory cortexs found?

A

in several areas of the brain

37
Q

how is vestibular information represented in cortex?

A

through multisensory visual and auditory cortexes that include sensory and motor signals

38
Q

how can higher cognitive knowledge affect vestibular sensations?

A

by influencing how we perceive motion

39
Q

what does vestibular dysfunction cause?

A

spatial disorientation, imbalance, motion sickness, cognitive problems, visual unclarity unless the head is held still

40
Q

what is mal de debarquement syndrome?

A

boat disembarking sickness caused by unability to readapt

41
Q

what does mal de debarquement syndrome cause?

A

spatial disorientation, imbalance, rocking for at least 1 month

42
Q

what is menieres syndrome?

A

sudden dizziness, imbalance, spatial disorentation

43
Q

what are additional symptoms of menieres syndrome?

A

tinnitus, hearing loss, ear pain, incapacitation

Sensation & Perception (3 decks)

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